The following is a description of the benefits and effects of some nutrients on the body and the mind
ACETYL-L-CARNITINE
AKA: ALC, Alcar, carnitine, Carn-itor, D-carnitine, DL-carnitine, L-car-nitine, levocarnitine, Nacetyl- 1-carni-tine, ProXeed, VitaCarn. Though a nutrient, ALC belongs neither to the vitamin nor the amino acid category. It is chemically similar to carnitine but is more efficient. While it is synthesized by the liver from lysine and methionine, adequate amounts of vitamins C, B-3, and B-6, plus iron, lysine, and methionine are needed in the diet for this to occur, and men run a greater risk of deficiency than women. There are two forms of carnitine: L-car-nitine and D-carnitine, the former being the biologically active form and the latter being the inactive form which may counteract L-carnitine's benefits.
Food Sources: Meat, milk and dairy products. The amount of carnitine in meat is in direct proportion to the redness of the meat.
Effects: Chemically related to choline, ALC has many of the same effects. It acts as an anti-oxidant; increases the levels of choline acetyl-transferase in the brain; transports fats into the mitochondria, the part of the cell which creates energy; enhances communication between the brain's hemispheres; reduces triglyceride levels and removes ketones (fat waste products) from the blood; helps control hypoglycemia; alleviates angina attacks; and has been used in the treatment of diabetes, infertility, liver disease, and kidney disease. It may help fight cancer by boosting the effect of lymphocytes, white blood cells that serve the immune system. It also slows down the cell damage caused by agerelated conditions and may accelerate the repair of damaged DNA in cells ravaged by free radicals. It may help protect the brain from the effects of aging by preventing the accumulation of lipofuscin in the brain. Studies have shown that doses of anywhere from 2000 to 3500 mg a day can slow the onset of Alzheimer's and mental deterioration, specifically memory, attention, language ability, alertness, motor activities, and spatial abilities, though it may take up to six months to begin to work. Longchain acetylcar-nitines (LCACs) work counter to ALC, preventing the transportation of fats to the mitochondria and suppressing membrane enzymes. It works synergistically with pho-phatidylserine. A deficiency can cause damage to heart tissue, muscle weakness, extreme confusion, angina, and male infertility.
Precautions: Those with kidney damage should use supplements with extreme caution. It may cause gastrointestinal disorders and a change in body odor, which can be reduced or eliminated with lower dosages. Less frequent side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Overdosing can produce severe muscle weakness, though some have experienced only mild diarrhea with doses as high as 26,000 mg a day. "Vitamin B-T" supplements contain dextro-carnitine as well, which cancels out the effectiveness of levocarni-tine. Valproic acid, used in the treatment of epileptic seizures and manic-depression, will reduce the effect of L-carni-tine. ProXeed, a citrus-flavored drink mix containing two types of L-carnitine, is marketed as a cure for low sperm count, though experts point out that there are many causes of male infertility which carnitine does not cure.
Dosage: 1 to 3 g/day in two divided doses. At present, there is no RDA. Supplements should contain only L-carni-tine, as DL-carnitine will cause some individuals to develop a myasthenia-type syndrome. According to Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., there is no evidence that supplements will benefit those whose levels are already normal, neither will it build muscle or protect against diabetes, kidney disease, or liver disease. At present, it is available in Europe, but not the U.S., and it can be very expensive.
COENZYM Q1O
AKA: CoQIO, Ubiquinone. Classified as a nonvitamin nutrient, CoEnzyme QlO can be supplied by dietary means or from the body's own resources. The body can usually manufacture it from amino acids L-tyrosine and Lmethionine. It is found in high amounts in the human heart and liver, the two organs in the body which need the most energy.
Food Sources: Beef, peanuts, polyunsaturated oils, sardines, seafood, and spinach all have significant amounts, with white albacore tuna packed in cans with spring water having the highest amount. It is also found in chicken, mackerel, monounsaturated oils, walnuts, and whole grains.
Effects: Helps manufacture ATP (used by the brain for energy), protects the cell membranes from free-radical damage, prevents cholesterol from sticking to arterial walls, prevents damage to tissues caused by hypoxia, increases the life span in lab animals up to 56 percent, helps cure some forms of gum disease, and protects against peroxidation (a means by which oxygen and unsaturated fats combine to form free radicals). In this last respect, it acts much the same way as vitamin E, but is superior in that, unlike E, it is not destroyed in the process. Interestingly, CoEnzyme Q10 may protect against or reverse some of the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Other effects include weight loss, stimulation of the immune system, improvement of athletic performance, decreased blood pressure, a lower incidence of heart disease, and improved mental abilities. Works synergistically with the co-enzyme NADH. Deficiencies of CoEnzyme Q10 have been associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, peri-odontal disease, and those undergoing tube feeding on a liquid intravenous diet (total parenteral nutrition).
Precautions: Can sometimes be metabolized by the body to create certain compounds that have damaging effects similar to those caused by free radicals; adequate amounts of anti-oxi-dant vitamins (beta-carotene, C, and E) should be able to prevent this, however. CoEnzyme Q10 should be yellow or orange in color; if not, it may contain fillers. High doses could cause over-stimulation. Drug use, exposure to cold, illnesses, physical activity, and stress can all drain the body's supply of this nutrient. Exercise, however, can increase levels. Some cholesterol-lowering drugs such as Lescol, Lipitor, Mevacor, Prava-chol, and Zocor can also deplete levels of CoEnzyme QlO in the body, and it is advisable to take supplements to counteract this; Joe and Theresa Graedon, Ph.D., say experts recommend between 50 to 150 mg a day.
Dosage: Optimal doses have not yet been determined, but research indicates that a range of 10 to 90 mg/day is safe and effective. Ward Dean, M.D., recommend 60 to 180 mg/day. Most supplements are in the 30 to 50 mg range. It is generally agreed that the liquid form in the soft gelatin capsule is better absorbed than the capsule form. CoEnzyme QlO should be taken with oily or fatty foods (e.g., fish oil), as it is oil-soluble.
CYTOCHROMES
AKA: Cytochrome-C. Cytochromes are a component of ATP production.
Effects: Said to increase energy and endurance.
Precautions: There is no evidence that supplementation produces any benefits.
IDEBENONE
AKA: Avan. An anti-oxidant that is very similar to CoEnzyme QlO.
Effects: The same benefits as CoEnzyme QlO, without the hazard of metabolizing into free radicals.
Precautions: The few studies that have been conducted show no evident toxic side effects.
Dosage: 100 mg/day. LlPOIC ACID AKA: l,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid, alpha-lipoic acid, Alpha Lipotene, LA, thiotic acid. A coenzyme.
Food Sources: Broccoli, carrots, heart, liver, meat, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, yams.
Effects: A potent anti-oxidant which can regenerate other anti-oxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and form another anti-oxidant, dihydrolipoate, in cells. It is said to improve long-term memory by protecting brain cell membranes from damage by free radicals, insure that the two main enzymes that convert food into energy function properly, enhance the synthesis of glutathione, and, unlike other anti-oxidants, can attack free radicals in both the watery and fatty parts of the body. It produces a mild feeling of relaxation and well-being, plus a mild visual enhancement. It may also enhance the immune system and prevent atherosclerosis, and may prove helpful in treating diabetes, cataracts, brain and nerve degeneration, cardiovascular and cere-brovascular diseases, high cholesterol, infections (e.g., HIV), and cancer.
Precautions: Daily doses above 50 mg may result in gastrointestinal problems such as nausea and upset stomach, allergic skin reaction, and overstimula-tion. Very high doses may produce an abnormally low blood sugar.
Dosage: The body manufactures sufficient amounts on its own, though certain medical conditions may cause deficiencies. Ray Sahelian, M.D., recommends 10 to 50 mg/day. Allan Sosin, M.D., and Beth Ley Jacobs, Ph.D., recommend 50 to 100 mg/day and say that there are no serious side effects even in the 300 to 600 mg/day range used to treat diabetics.
OCTACOSANOL
Food Sources: Alfalfa, wheat germ, wheat germ oil, whole grains. Octacosanol is one of several long-chain alcohol molecules found in wheat germ oil.
Effects: It is said to lower blood cholesterol, increase energy storage in muscle tissue, improve stamina and endurance, sharpen reflexes, help the body adjust to high altitudes, improve oxygen utilization, keep the body metabolism balanced under stress, and is an excellent source of vitamin E. It takes about three weeks before the effects are noticed.
Precautions: There is no scientific evidence to support any of its claims.
Dosage: Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D., recommends 1000 to 6000 mg/day.
SAPONINS
AKA: Triterpene glycosides. Saponins are steroid-like chemicals connected to sugar molecules that occur naturally in plants. Saponins are only one of a class of nutrients called phyto-chemicals which are found in all fruits and vegetables, as well as legumes and whole grains. There are several thousand different phytochemicals, including lycopenes (found in tomatoes), genis-tein (found in soybeans), and flavonoids (found in citrus fruits).
Food Sources: Asparagus, bean sprouts, chickpeas, ginseng, guarana, oats, potatoes, soybeans, tomatoes.
Effects: Saponins are believed to have anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. They may also bolster the immune system. They have been used to treat diabetes; liver ailments such as hepatitis, cardiovascular problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and blood clots; and mental and physical stress.
SUCCINATES
Succinates are metabolites necessary for energy production in cells.
Effects: Said to increase energy and endurance.
Precautions: There is no evidence that supplementation provides any benefits.
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
AKA: Cell Guard, Cu/ZnSOD, LIP-SOD, MnSOD, SOD. It ranks fifth among proteins in terms of the amount in our bodies, after collagen, albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin.
Food Sources: Barley grass, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green plants, wheat grass.
Effects: An extremely powerful anti-oxidant enzyme that works syner-gistically with catalase to counteract superoxide, the most common and hazardous free radical. The production of SOD in the body decreases as we age. There are two forms of SOD: copper/zinc SOD (Cu/ZnSOD), which protects the cytoplasm of the cell; and manganese SOD (MnSOD), which protects the mitochondria, where the genetic information resides and cellular energy is produced. Liposomal superoxide dismutase (LIPSOD) is SOD that has been encapsulated in a liposome "delivery vehicle." Both SOD and LIPSOD have been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, damage caused by radiation therapy and heart attacks, unresponsive anemia, and various autoimmune disorders such as scleroderma, Crohn's disease, Behcet's disease, Raynaud's syndrome, and Kawasaki disease. It shows promise in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Peyronie's disease, and possibly AIDS. Superoxide dismutase works synergistically with copper, zinc, and manganese.
Precautions: Stomach acid destroys SOD, so tablet supplements must be enteric coated so that they can be safely absorbed in the small intestine.
TELOMERASE
Called the "immortality enzyme" because it encourages cell division for an indefinite period of time, preventing the cells from dying of old age (normal human cells divide approximately 75 times over a person's life span before the telomere —the protective end of the chromosome — wears away and becomes too short to protect the chromosome, leading to the death of the cell).
Effects: It could extend life span and health indefinitely.
Precautions: There is some debate whether it could be a carcinogen, as it has been found in 90 percent of all cancer cells. Some say that telomerase by itself does not create cancer cells, while others counter that its ability to promote cell division could cause cancer cells to proliferate unchecked.
Wednesday, March 24, 2010
Benefits of Amino Acids
Though most of the amino acids needed are manufactured by the body, nine are not; these are known as the essential amino acids — L-histi-dine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, Lphenylalanine, L-thre-onine, L-tryptophan, and L-valine — and all are provided by proteins in the diet. The other fifteen not needed in the diet are alanine, arginine, asparginine, aspartic acid, carnitine, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, ornithine, proline, serine, and tyrosine. The line between essential and nonessential amino acids is fuzzy, as children require arginine for growth and, for adults under such condition as stress to the body (extreme heat, extreme cold, shock, drugs, toxic agents), illness (fever), or pregnancy, any one of the nonessential amino acids, mostly the "branchchain" ones (leucine, isoleucine, valine), can become essential. Those with allergies, for example, use an excess of histamine in their bodies, which is manufactured from histidine. Genetic problems can also lead to deficiencies.
Complete proteins provide the proper balance of all the amino acids, and these foods include meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk, and cheese. Incomplete proteins — such as those found in beans, grains, nuts, peas, and seeds — lack some essential amino acids and must be eaten in combination for best results.
The functioning of the brain relies on amino acids, as these are the essential components for the development of neurotransmitters. In turn, neurotransmitters are important factors in brain chemistry, as certain deficiencies or excesses of some neurotransmitters can cause mood disorders. Though amino acids play an essential role in brain function, there are some experts, such as Dr. Andrew Weil (author of Natural Health, Natural Medicine) and Dr. Stuart Berger, who do not believe they should be taken as supplements, as they can severely disrupt the brain chemistry. Some reference texts, such as the Psychotropic Drug Handbook, caution that nondietary amino acid supplements may produce effects different from those found in food. Also, a highly imbalanced intake of amino acids could have an adverse effect on protein synthesis in children.
Amino acids can be in either the "L" or "D" form. The "L" forms are readily absorbed and utilized by the body as proteins, while the "D" forms must be converted by the body into a usable form first; despite the therapeutic value found in some "D" forms, the FDA bans sale of the latter, so you may not encounter it when buying supplements.
Freeform amino acids are ones that have been taken from complex proteins, and you must be sure that, when buying powdered amino acid supplements, the label specifies the amount of free-form amino acids in the product. Chances are that if the label says only "amino acids," the bottle may contain mostly inexpensive protein filler and not much of any amino acids. Amino acids should be taken with cofactors — such as vitamins, minerals, or nutrients — that assist the body in metabolizing them; it is also a good idea to take a variety of amino acids together and in their proper proportions to one another.
There is one instance, however, where two amino acids play opposite roles and are not compatible with each other: L-tyrosine, which the brain uses to manufacture the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine —both of which have a stimulating effect, contributing to clear , fast thinking, long-term memory, and alertness — and L-tryptophan, used by the brain to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin— which has a sedative effect on the brain, leading to a slower reaction time, a feeling of fullness after a meal, and sleepiness. To get the mental lift from L-tyrosine, it is necessary to eat the proteins (meat, poultry, seafood, beans, tofu, and lentils) in the meal before the food that contains carbohydrates. To relax or fall asleep, it is necessary to eat the foods high in Ltryptophan (bananas, milk, sunflower seeds) first, along with the foods rich in carbohydrates, because they enhance the effect of L-tryptophan. In order to get an energy boost, it is necessary to eat foods high in L-tyrosine. The reason for this is that, even though L-tryptophan needs carbohydrates to get into the brain, it does so much more readily than L-tyrosine.
The following is a description of the benefits and effects of various amino acids on the body and the mind
ARGININE
AKA: L-arginine. Arginine is needed for the normal functioning of the pituitary gland.
Food Sources: Carob, cereals, chocolate, gelatin desserts, nuts, oatmeal, popcorn, protein-rich foods, raisins, brown rice, sunflower and sesame seeds, whole wheat bread.
Effects: The body converts it to spermine, found in semen, blood tissue, and brain cells. It is said to help fight cancer by boosting the immune system (more specifically, by stimulating the production of T-cells), protect the liver by detoxifying harmful substances, and increase the sperm count in men. Reduced levels have been found in people with senility and memory loss. Though it does seem to have a stimulating effect on human growth hormone when taken along with lysine, and thus may be of some benefit to bodybuilders, it apparently does not reduce fat to any significant extent. A deficiency can result in male infertility, premature aging, increased free radical activity, and obesity.
Precautions: Supplements should not be taken by those with schizophrenia, though there is no evidence that it aggravates this condition. Those with any form of liver or kidney failure should take high doses for a prolonged period of time only while under the care of a physician. Supplementary forms should not be taken by children or teenagers, as there is the possibility it could cause bone and skin disorders. Too large a dose can result in diarrhea, nausea, a thickening or coarsening of the skin, and the possible promotion of the herpes virus (though Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., says this last has not been proven). In fact, those with herpes should avoid arginine supplements and argininerich foods, though sufficient amounts of lysine may help counteract this; in such cases, ornithine may be used in place of arginine. Dosages over 20 to 30 grams a day could lead to enlarged joints and bone deformities.
Dosage: The RDA has not yet been established. The large doses given to sick people are safe only for short periods of time; the safe level for healthy people has not yet been determined, though Leon Chaitow recommends up to 8 g/day and Hendler suggests a more conservative dose.of 1.5 g/day.
CARNOSINE
AKA: L-carnosine. Carnosine is a composite of two amino acids that work synergistically with other antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, B-complex, beta-carotene, selenium, and the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine.
Food Sources: It is found only in animal foods such as eggs, fish (all kinds), meat (all kinds), and milk.
Effects: Carnosine stabilizes some thirteen important functions of the body and is also an antioxidant that fights certain free radicals found in air pollution and second-hand smoke.
CYSTEINE
AKA: Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate, L-cysteine, NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine, N-acetyl-Lcysteine. Manufactured from methionine or serine by the liver.
Food Sources: Some cereals, dairy products, eggs, meat.
Effects: Cysteine is a strong antioxidant believed to purify the body, removing heavy metals and protecting the blood, lungs, intestinal tract, and liver against the harmful effects of alcohol, smoking, and pollution by detoxifying acetaldehyde. It plays a role in the formation of the skin, helps prevent cataracts, helps offset the effects of iron deficiency, and is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, bronchitis, cancer, hardening of the arteries, and chronic diseases. It may boost the immune system and help fight liver cancer, and has been used to treat allergies, arthritis, cataracts, diabetes, hypoglycemia, and the adverse consequences of radiation in chemotherapy and X-rays. It has been proven to extend the life span of mice and guinea pigs, possibly because it contains sulfur, a substance that deactives free radicals; Pearson and Shaw claim that it can restore hair growth and extend a person's life span. Cysteine helps protect against radiation damage when combined with vitamins C and Bl, and also works synergistically with vitamin E and selenium. N-acetylcysteine (NAG) is form of cysteine more fully utilized by the body. Both NAG and cysteine are helpful in preventing damage to the body and subsequent side effects from radiation, particularly in relation to chemotherapy and radiation treatments.
Precautions: Anyone with diabetes or blood sugar problems should not take supplements in doses above 3000 mg and in combination with large doses of vitamins B-l and C except under the guidance of a physician, as it can inactive insulin production. On the other hand, Pearson and Shaw recommend taking three times as much vitamin C as the total cysteine intake and plenty of fluids to prevent the formation of kidney and bladder stones. Anecdotal evidence indicates that it could increase the toxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in those already susceptible.
Dosage: Up to 1 to 3 g/day, along with vitamin C (in doses three times the amount of cysteine so that the body does not produce too much cystine) and vitamin B-6, though Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., recommends no more than 1.5 g/day. It should also be taken on an empty stomach and with water. Ray Sahelian, M.D., states that because cysteine cannot cross cell membranes, supplements are useless.
CYSTINE
Effects: Cystine removes heavy metals from the body and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and eczema. It may also help tissue healing after surgery protect the liver against damage from exposure to carbon tetrachloride.
Precautions: Cystine should be used with caution by those susceptible to kidney, liver, or bladder stones.
ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID
AKA: EDTA.
A synthetic amino acid.
Effects: EDTA has been used in chelation therapy to treat Alzheimer's patients. It works by binding to harmful metals in the brain and body and removing them. Subjects in the early stages of Alzheimer's have shown definite improvements in brain-cell function.
5-HTP
AKA: 5-hydroxy tryptophan, 5-hydroxy 1-tryptophan, 5-OHT, oxitrip-tan.
Effects: It is converted by the body into serotonin after it has been converted from the amino acid tryptophan. It induces calmness and reduces insomnia, and has shown some promise as an appetite suppressant and in treating mild depression. It has also shown promise in treating anxiety, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, fibromyalgia, PMS, and migraine headaches. Unlike serotonin, it can cross the blood/ brain barrier. It works synergistically with melatonin.
Precautions: It should not be taken by anyone with ulcers or other gastrointestinal diseases, Crohn's disease, scleroderma, excess prolactin secretion, or carcinoid syndrome. Those over 60 may need smaller doses. Nausea and fatigue occur initially, but may eventually disappear. Daytime drowsiness, nightmares, loss of appetite, diarrhea, cramps, upset stomach, gas, vomiting, sweating, and lowered sex drive may also result, generally from higher doses. Rare side effects include long-term fatigue, stuffy or runny nose, and headaches. Daily use can lead to increased tolerance, with the result that higher doses are needed to achieve the same effects, and it can sometimes be hard to determine if 5-HTP will make you alert or drowsy (dosage, time of meals, time of day, supplements or medications, age, and hormonal levels all play a part). Long-term effects are not known. Overdose symptoms include the serotonin syndrome, where serotonin levels are too high, and which is characterized by restlessness, confusion, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, high blood pressure, increased body temperature, rapid heart rate, tremors, seizures, and — in rare cases — death. Recovery is complete if dosage is stopped. Some 5-HTP supplements contain vitamin B-6 (pyroxidal phosphate), which helps to convert tryptophan to melatonin. However, there is concern that the vitamin may convert 5-HTP to serotonin in the blood or tissues, which could cause adverse reactions or increase the manufacture of norepinephrine and dopamine, counteracting any sedative effects of 5-HTP. More ominously, while the brain creates 5-HTP and immediately destroys it, the pill distributes it, through the bloodstream, all over the body; the consequences of this are as yet unknown. It should not be combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants, or the diet drug dexfenfluramine (Redux). It should only be combined with MAO inhibitors under the guidance of a physician; combining 200 mg of 5-HTP with MAO inhibitors can result in high blood pressure and emotional instability. When combined with St. John's Wort, both should be taken in smaller doses to prevent the serotonin syndrome.
Dosage: It is about ten times more potent than tryptophan. Ray Sahelian recommends 10 to 50 mg one-half to one hour before sleep. Side effects generally occur in doses above 100 mg. It should be taken no more than once or twice a week. Taking it with 25 to 50 mg of vitamin B-6 may increase the amount converted to serotonin in the brain, and eating it with carbohydrates may help improve the rate at which it enters the brain.
GLUTAMINE
AKA: L-glutamine. A free-form amino acid that produces glutamic acid, a brain chemical that protects against ammonia metabolic waste.
Effects: Subjects have reported clearer thinking, improved alertness, and better moods. It manufactures GAB A, a neurotransmitter which soothes and calms the mind. It has also reportedly helped in the control of obesity (by reducing the craving for carbohydrates) and alcoholism, in reducing the healing time for ulcers, and for the relief of depression, fatigue, and impotence. It has been used to treat schizophrenia and senility, and research has shown that it can offset the adverse effects of immune system suppression caused by intense exercise. Laboratory tests have shown that glutamic acid retards the formation of or dissolves kidney stones. A deficiency can result in moodiness, ill temper, and a weakened immune system.
Precautions: Glutamic acid, unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, provides no known benefit. Over 2 g/day of glutamine can cause manic behavior. One individual taking high doses of glutamine experienced sleep loss, hyper-activity, and vivid uncontrollable thoughts. In a second reported case, a man taking four grams a day of L-glutamine for three weeks became psychotic, with hallucinations, grandiose delusions, insomnia, and a voracious sex drive. Those with sensitivity to the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) may experience an allergic reaction to glutamine.
Dosage: Some suggest starting with 250 to 500 mg/day and increasing to as much as 1 to 2 g/day. Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D., recommends 1 to 4 g/day in divided doses.
GLUTATHIONE
AKA: Glutaplex, GSH, GSH 250 Master Glutathione Formula. A stable tripeptide made by the body from the three amino acids L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, and glycine. It does not break down into the toxic product cystine (which can crystalize and produce kidney stones), but is totally absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
Food Sources: Asparagus, avocados, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, grapefruit, oranges, peaches, potatoes, purslane, strawberries, tomatoes, watermelon.
Effects: Glutathione is said to protect the brain cells against the cross-linking of proteins — a condition which reduces the efficiency of the brain cells — and increases the flow of oxygen and blood to the brain. It reportedly deactivates free radicals and counters the effect of lipid peroxides, which may be the key to its antiaging effect. The effectiveness of glutathione can be increased by lipoic acid, selenium, and vitamins B-2 and E.
Precautions: Persons with kidney disease, severe liver disease (especially that resulting from cirrhosis or Reye's syndrome), or those with seizure disorders should not take glutathione supplements without first consulting a physician. Those with diabetes or blood sugar problems should avoid doses above 3000 mg except under the care of a physician, as a combination of L-cysteine and large doses of vitamins Bl and C may inactivate insulin. Cysteine may also make some people more sensitive to the food additive MSG.
Dosage: Some suggest 250 to 500 mg/day, though Leon Chaitow recommends 1 to 3 g/day. The precursor N-acetyl-cysteine has been proven a more potent source of glutathione, but the exact dosage needed has not yet been determined. It may be more effective to consume the three amino acids and allow the body to manufacture glutathione on its own, rather than taking supplements. HlSTIDINE AKA: L-histidine.
Effects: Histadine is converted by the body into the neurotransmitter histamine, which plays a role in smooth muscle function and the dilation and contraction of blood vessels. It removes heavy metals from the body, helps protect nerves by maintaining the myelin sheath, and helps protect against radiation damage. Additionally, it promotes the manufacture of both red and white blood cells. It has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, poor sexual arousal, ulcers in the digestive tract, and nausea during pregnancy. A deficiency can lead to partial or total deafness and one form of schizophrenia (sufferers are referred to as histapenics).
Precautions: Histidine should not be used by manic-depressives with elevated levels of histamine or by women suffering from premenstrual depression. Whereas a deficiency can lead to one form of schizophrenia, an overdose can lead to another form (sufferers are referred to as histadelics; in some cases, methionine can decrease the level of histamine). Excessive histadine intake in males can lead to premature ejaculation, which can be countered with a supplementation of 500 mg of methionine, 500 mg of magnesium, and 50 mg of vitamin B-6. Dosages of over 4 g/day in women can trigger menstruation.
Dosage: Between 1 to 6 g/day with vitamin C.
L-PROLYL L-LEUCYL GLYCINE AMIDE
A tripeptide formed by three amino acids linked together.
Effects: It has been found to enhance learning.
METHIONINE
AKA: L-methionine. A sulfur-containing amino acid. Food sources: Found only in animal foods such as eggs, fish (all kinds), liver, meat (all kinds), milk, and poultry (all kinds).
Effects: Methionin is an antioxidant that is also said to protect against the accumulation of chemicals and heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, mercury) in the brain and body, play a key part in the production of the brain neurotransmitter choline (not to mention adrenaline, lecithin, and vitamin B12), prevent fat from getting into the arteries and liver, render selenium available to the body, and play an important role in the biosynthesis of two other amino acids — cysteine and taurine. Methionine is believed to relieve some cases of schizophrenia by lowering the level of histamine in the blood, and has been useful in the treatment of arthritis, cataracts, high cholesterol, chronic pain, asthma, allergies, and some cases of Parkinson's disease. It may help protect the liver against damage from carbon tetrachloride, and prevent certain tumors when used in combination with choline and folic acid. Deficiency symptoms include bad skin tone, loss of hair, a buildup of toxic wastes in the body and fat in the liver, anemia, impeded protein synthesis, and atherosclerosis. Selenomethionine is a variant in which selenium atoms replace the sulfur atoms.
Precautions: Methionine should always be taken with B-6 —to prevent an excess of homocysteine — and magnesium. Capsules are preferable to other forms because they avoid the rotten egg smell that usually accompanies it. One study suggests that methionine might be destroyed by excessive alcohol consumption.
Dosage: 100 to 250 mg/day. Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., recommends 200 to 1000 mg/ day with vitamin B-6 and magnesium; Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., advises against supplementation.
PHENYLALANINE
AKA: DL-phenylalanine (DLPA), D-phenylalanine, L-phenylalanine. Phenylalanine helps create the neurotransmitters, chiefly norepinephrine, epinephrine (or adrenalin), and dopamine, that produce mental arousal, alertness, and a better emotional state. It is often used by those attending raves. Food sources: Almonds, aspartame (NutraSweet), beef, black beans, chicken, cottage cheese, dairy products, eggs, fish, lima beans, milk, nuts, peanuts, pumpkin and sesame seeds, soybeans, sunflower seeds, watercress. Plants contain mostly the "D" form, while animal proteins contain mostly the "L" form.
Effects: Phenylalanine may contribute to a more positive mental state, alertness, more motivation and ambition, more energy, an increase in learning ability, better memory, and an increased ability to focus and pay attention. (Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., claims only the "D" form produces these beneficial results, while Mark Mayell claims that the "L" form stimulates the nervous system and libido, enhances mood and cognition, and suppresses the appetite, whereas the "D" form elevates mood and enhances memory, and DLPA combines the effects of both.) It may help counter jet lag when taken first thing in the morning or right after a long flight, as it helps regulate the body's biological clock. It is believed that DLPA activates the morphine-like endorphins in the body, hormones which act as painkillers. One study has shown that a significant percentage of individuals suffering from depression exhibited rapid improvements in mood when given 500 mg/day of L-phenylalanine (which was gradually increased to 3 to 4 g/day), along with 100 to 200 mg a day of vitamin B-6 to facilitate the effects of the amino acid. Another study showed significant improvements in those with depression when 250 mg of L-phenylalanine was combined with 5 to 10 mg of Eldepryl. In combination with B-6, it produces the compound phenylethylamine (PEA), which may elevate mood based on its action as a neurotransmitter. There is some evidence that, in combination with other substances, phenylalanine can help suppress addictive behavior and cravings, but there is no evidence that it suppresses appetite or enhances the libido. A deficiency can result in mood swings, weight gain, and problems with blood circulation.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those with pigmented malignant melanoma cancer, phenylketonuria (or PKU, a genetic metabolic disorder), psychosis, or Wilson's disease (otherwise known as hepatolenticular degeneration, a rare hereditary disease chiefly characterized by a toxic buildup of copper in the organs and tissues of the body). Likewise, those taking MAO-inhibitor drugs should avoid phenylalanine, as should pregnant or lactating women. Early studies seem to indicate that phenylalanine and tyrosine encourage the growth of melanomas (or skin cancers, one of the deadliest forms of cancer), and doctors usually have patients restrict their intake of these amino acids. Those with high blood pressure should only take it under the guidance of a health professional. Some warn that the daily dosage should not exceed 2.4 grams a day. Too much phenylalanine can result in overstimulation, nervousness, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, and irritability; if taken later in the day, it may cause insomnia. Mayell says these symptoms only occur with the "L" form, and can be avoided by reducing the dosage, switching to DLPA, or taking it only in the morning. Other symptoms include headaches and nausea.
Dosage: The RDA has not been established. It is recommended that both "D" and "L" forms be used, especially in the treatment of depression or for increased energy. A dose of 1000 to 1500 mg of DLPA may be taken in the morning without food; a second dose may be taken later in the day, this time with 100 mg of B-6, 500 mg of vitamin C, and some fruit or fruit juice to help convert the amino acid to norepinephrine. Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., recommends no more than 1.5 g/day, with 20 to 30 mg/ day of vitamin B-6 (not to exceed more than 50 mg/ day). Mayell advocates a more modest dose of 375 to 500 mg of the "L" form or 750 to 1000 mg of DLPA, first thing in the morning and at least 30 minutes before breakfast.
PYROGLUTAMATE
AKA: Adjuvant, Alpha-aminoglutaric acid lactam, Amino Mass, Arginine Pidolate, arginine pyroglutamate, Deep Thought, glutamic acid lactam, glutimic acid, glutiminic acid, Mental Edge, PCA, Piraglutargine, pyroGlu, pyroglutamic acid, pyrrolidon carboxylic acid, 2-oxo-pyrrolidon carboxylic acid. Pyroglutamate is able to cross the blood/brain barrier, and is found in significant amounts in the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. It is used to make various nootropic drugs such as piracetam and oxiracetam. Similar in effect to piracetam, though not as strong. Food sources: Dairy products, fruits, meats, vegetables.
Effects: Pyroglutamate improves memory, alertness, concentration, and learning, and reduces anxiety and depression. Arginine pyroglutamate also increases muscle mass by stimulating the growth hormone. Works synergistically with choline, DMAE, and other acetylcholine-enhancing nutrients.
Precautions: None known.
Dosage: 500 to 1000 mg/day for arginine pyroglutamate; a bit less for plain pyroglutamate.
TAURINE
AKA: L-taurine. Food sources: Eggs, fish (all kinds), lamb, meat (all kinds), milk, pork, shellfish. Though it is not found in any plant foods, it can be manufactured in the human body from cysteine. High levels are found in human milk, but not cow's milk.
Effects: An electrical-charge stabilizer in the nerves of the brain and nervous system (it can decrease or even prevent epileptic seizures, and may even prove beneficial in other brain disorders such as Huntington's chorea), it is important for muscle function, and plays a role in the manufacture of the neurotransmitter glutamate. It is said to help the heart function better by conserving potassium and calcium, and help regulate insulin and blood sugar levels. Since taurine controls the synthesis of glutamate, it acts as a depressant. It may be necessary for proper growth of the human body. Women require taurine more than men because its synthesis is inhibited by the female hormone estradiol. Taurine has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, stress, eye problems, immune function disorders, gall bladder disease, and some types of epilepsy, and it may be of some benefit in treating cystic fibrosis. Individuals deprived of full-spectrum light may suffer a deficiency of taurine in the pineal and pituitary glands, leading to depression and mental impairment. Eye problems may result if a zinc deficiency is also present.
Precautions: There is good evidence that taurine is a central nervous system depressant and that it can impair short-term memory, so supplementation is not advised.
Dosage: 100 to 500 mg/day. Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., advises against supplementation.
TRYPTOPHAN
AKA: L-tryptophan. Food sources: Bananas, unripened cheese, chicken, chicken liver, cottage cheese, evening primrose seeds, fish, lentils, meat, milk, peanuts, pineapple, pumpkin seeds, seaweed, soybeans and soybean products, spirulina, sunflower seeds, turkey, yogurt.
Effects: Tryptophan is necessary for the manufacture of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates mood and sleep patterns. It has proven helpful in the treatment of jet lag, depression, binge eating, obsessive-compulsive disorder, some forms of vascular migraines, panic attacks (when taken with vitamin B-6), and chronic pain, and may help in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and tardive dyskinesia. A deficiency may be characterized by insomnia, mental disturbances (particularly aggressive behavior), depression, bad skin color and tone, brittle fingernails, indigestion, and a craving for carbohydrates.
Precautions: It forms a harmful interaction when combined with MAO-inhibitor drugs or tricyclics, as it intensifies the side effects of these drugs. Because there are rare cases where tryptophan can cause excitability and insomnia, those who experience such symptoms should cease taking it immediately. It may be harmful to pregnant women, and may worsen the symptoms of bronchial asthma and lupus. Side effects may include nausea, headaches, gastric discomfort, and constipation. Specific tryptophan metabolites could cause bladder cancer. If the level of tryptophan is high in relation to the other amino acids, fatigue may result. It is not recommended that more than 2 grams a day be taken; nausea and vomiting are likely to occur in doses used to treat depression (6 to 9 grams and higher), though some studies have given subjects as much as 15 grams a day with no serious consequences. Scientists have still not unraveled the complicated process by which tryptophan is converted into serotonin, and some question whether oral doses are effective in this regard. In 1989, some 5,000 people suffered debilitating health problems from impurities in a batch of Ltryptophan distributed by Showa Denko, a Japanese firm that did not specialize in drugs or nutritional supplements; 36 of them died and many more were left permanently crippled. As a result, the sale of L-tryptophan supplements was banned in 1990. The FDA contends that the illness suffered by these victims, a blood disease called eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), and related illnesses are attributable to L-tryptophan itself. Cases have also been reported for uncontaminated batches and for the similar compound L-5-hydroxytryptophan, but many experts dispute the validity of these reports.
Dosage: For the cure of insomnia, Dr. Stuart Berger recommends 2 grams of tryptophan, 100 mg of vitamin B-6, and 1 gram of vitamin C on an empty stomach before going to bed, though some research indicates that 1 gram of tryptophan may be sufficient for most people (this applies only to late at night; to sleep during the day, the need for tryptophan will be higher); some supplemental B-3 (in a ratio of two parts tryptophan to one part B-3) and magnesium may also be helpful. Hightryptophan foods should be combined with carbohydrate-rich foods such as bread, pasta, or potatoes for best results. Proteins inhibit the brain's ability to absorb this amino acid. Eating sugary snacks can cause wild swings in insulin production and interfere with the body's ability to absorb tryptophan.
TYROSINE
AKA: L-tyrosine. Food sources: Fish, particularly shellfish.
Effects: Boosts the brain neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine, though the mental stimulation only occurs if the brain has used up these neurotransmitters. Elevates mood and energy (it has been effective in treating patients with depression), improves reaction time, alertness, attention, and motivation. It may help protect the liver from damage due to carbon tetrachloride, and has been used to treat stress, PMS, cocaine abuse, hay fever, grass allergies, Parkinson's disease, and cases of unipolar depression (i.e., unaccompanied by a manic phase) that do not respond to tryptophan.
Precautions: The fish or shellfish should be baked, broiled, grilled, steamed, or stewed, as fat and deepfrying destroys some of the beneficial effects. For best results, eat fish alone or with carbohydrate-rich foods (e.g., bread, potatoes). Because it might increase blood pressure in a small percentage of susceptible individuals, those with high blood pressure should take it only under the guidance of a physician. Those taking MAOinhibiting antidepressants should not take tyrosine supplements, as they can have adverse effects on blood pressure, as well as other serious consequences. Tyrosine should not be taken by anyone with melanoma. It could also trigger headaches in those already susceptible. Supplements should be taken with vitamins B-6 and C, as the brain needs these to turn the amino acid into norepinephrine. Supplements can create mild gastric problems if taken on an empty stomach. High doses can cause irritability, anxiety, and heart palpitations.
Dosage: The RDA has not been established. Three to four ounces of fish seems to be the optimal amount for most people; eating more will not result in any significant increase in effect. Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., recommends 100 mg per kilo of body weight per day; a dosage of 6 g/day in three divided doses for a two week period is recommended for the treatment of depression. Mark Mayell recommends that dosage not exceed 2 to 3 g/day (initial dosage should be 250 to 500 mg/day, working up to 750 mg twice a day until effects are noticed), that it be taken on an empty stomach, that it not be combined with other amino acids, and that it be taken with 25 mg/day of vitamin B-6 or B complex and 250 to 500 mg of vitamin C.
VALINE
AKA: L-valine.
Effects: Normalizes the nitrogen balance in the body and it is necessary for proper mental and neural functioning, and for muscle coordination. One study funded by the National Institutes of Health has found that, in combination with leucine and isoleucine — two other branched-chain amino acids — Valine has shown promise as a treatment for amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease. Subjects given these amino acids over the course of a year retained more of their muscle strength and ability to walk than those given a placebo, a result which may have been due in part to leucine and isoleucine's assistance in the breakdown of glutamate; valine was added because of a deficiency noted in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients. This combination also may prevent, and even reverse, liver damage resulting from alcoholism. Positive results have been recorded in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, chronic liver disease, and muscle atrophy in chronic heavy drinkers. Deficiency symptoms include nervousness, disrupted sleep patterns and mental functioning, and a nitrogen imbalance in the body.
Precautions: An overdose can lead to feelings of "crawling skin" and hallucinations. Any physical or mental benefits of supplementation by healthy individuals is unproven.
Dosage: 1 g/day. According to Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., it should be taken with the following amino acids in these proportions: one part tryptophan, two parts valine, two parts methionine, and three parts phenylalanine.
Complete proteins provide the proper balance of all the amino acids, and these foods include meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk, and cheese. Incomplete proteins — such as those found in beans, grains, nuts, peas, and seeds — lack some essential amino acids and must be eaten in combination for best results.
The functioning of the brain relies on amino acids, as these are the essential components for the development of neurotransmitters. In turn, neurotransmitters are important factors in brain chemistry, as certain deficiencies or excesses of some neurotransmitters can cause mood disorders. Though amino acids play an essential role in brain function, there are some experts, such as Dr. Andrew Weil (author of Natural Health, Natural Medicine) and Dr. Stuart Berger, who do not believe they should be taken as supplements, as they can severely disrupt the brain chemistry. Some reference texts, such as the Psychotropic Drug Handbook, caution that nondietary amino acid supplements may produce effects different from those found in food. Also, a highly imbalanced intake of amino acids could have an adverse effect on protein synthesis in children.
Amino acids can be in either the "L" or "D" form. The "L" forms are readily absorbed and utilized by the body as proteins, while the "D" forms must be converted by the body into a usable form first; despite the therapeutic value found in some "D" forms, the FDA bans sale of the latter, so you may not encounter it when buying supplements.
Freeform amino acids are ones that have been taken from complex proteins, and you must be sure that, when buying powdered amino acid supplements, the label specifies the amount of free-form amino acids in the product. Chances are that if the label says only "amino acids," the bottle may contain mostly inexpensive protein filler and not much of any amino acids. Amino acids should be taken with cofactors — such as vitamins, minerals, or nutrients — that assist the body in metabolizing them; it is also a good idea to take a variety of amino acids together and in their proper proportions to one another.
There is one instance, however, where two amino acids play opposite roles and are not compatible with each other: L-tyrosine, which the brain uses to manufacture the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine —both of which have a stimulating effect, contributing to clear , fast thinking, long-term memory, and alertness — and L-tryptophan, used by the brain to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin— which has a sedative effect on the brain, leading to a slower reaction time, a feeling of fullness after a meal, and sleepiness. To get the mental lift from L-tyrosine, it is necessary to eat the proteins (meat, poultry, seafood, beans, tofu, and lentils) in the meal before the food that contains carbohydrates. To relax or fall asleep, it is necessary to eat the foods high in Ltryptophan (bananas, milk, sunflower seeds) first, along with the foods rich in carbohydrates, because they enhance the effect of L-tryptophan. In order to get an energy boost, it is necessary to eat foods high in L-tyrosine. The reason for this is that, even though L-tryptophan needs carbohydrates to get into the brain, it does so much more readily than L-tyrosine.
The following is a description of the benefits and effects of various amino acids on the body and the mind
ARGININE
AKA: L-arginine. Arginine is needed for the normal functioning of the pituitary gland.
Food Sources: Carob, cereals, chocolate, gelatin desserts, nuts, oatmeal, popcorn, protein-rich foods, raisins, brown rice, sunflower and sesame seeds, whole wheat bread.
Effects: The body converts it to spermine, found in semen, blood tissue, and brain cells. It is said to help fight cancer by boosting the immune system (more specifically, by stimulating the production of T-cells), protect the liver by detoxifying harmful substances, and increase the sperm count in men. Reduced levels have been found in people with senility and memory loss. Though it does seem to have a stimulating effect on human growth hormone when taken along with lysine, and thus may be of some benefit to bodybuilders, it apparently does not reduce fat to any significant extent. A deficiency can result in male infertility, premature aging, increased free radical activity, and obesity.
Precautions: Supplements should not be taken by those with schizophrenia, though there is no evidence that it aggravates this condition. Those with any form of liver or kidney failure should take high doses for a prolonged period of time only while under the care of a physician. Supplementary forms should not be taken by children or teenagers, as there is the possibility it could cause bone and skin disorders. Too large a dose can result in diarrhea, nausea, a thickening or coarsening of the skin, and the possible promotion of the herpes virus (though Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., says this last has not been proven). In fact, those with herpes should avoid arginine supplements and argininerich foods, though sufficient amounts of lysine may help counteract this; in such cases, ornithine may be used in place of arginine. Dosages over 20 to 30 grams a day could lead to enlarged joints and bone deformities.
Dosage: The RDA has not yet been established. The large doses given to sick people are safe only for short periods of time; the safe level for healthy people has not yet been determined, though Leon Chaitow recommends up to 8 g/day and Hendler suggests a more conservative dose.of 1.5 g/day.
CARNOSINE
AKA: L-carnosine. Carnosine is a composite of two amino acids that work synergistically with other antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, B-complex, beta-carotene, selenium, and the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine.
Food Sources: It is found only in animal foods such as eggs, fish (all kinds), meat (all kinds), and milk.
Effects: Carnosine stabilizes some thirteen important functions of the body and is also an antioxidant that fights certain free radicals found in air pollution and second-hand smoke.
CYSTEINE
AKA: Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate, L-cysteine, NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine, N-acetyl-Lcysteine. Manufactured from methionine or serine by the liver.
Food Sources: Some cereals, dairy products, eggs, meat.
Effects: Cysteine is a strong antioxidant believed to purify the body, removing heavy metals and protecting the blood, lungs, intestinal tract, and liver against the harmful effects of alcohol, smoking, and pollution by detoxifying acetaldehyde. It plays a role in the formation of the skin, helps prevent cataracts, helps offset the effects of iron deficiency, and is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, bronchitis, cancer, hardening of the arteries, and chronic diseases. It may boost the immune system and help fight liver cancer, and has been used to treat allergies, arthritis, cataracts, diabetes, hypoglycemia, and the adverse consequences of radiation in chemotherapy and X-rays. It has been proven to extend the life span of mice and guinea pigs, possibly because it contains sulfur, a substance that deactives free radicals; Pearson and Shaw claim that it can restore hair growth and extend a person's life span. Cysteine helps protect against radiation damage when combined with vitamins C and Bl, and also works synergistically with vitamin E and selenium. N-acetylcysteine (NAG) is form of cysteine more fully utilized by the body. Both NAG and cysteine are helpful in preventing damage to the body and subsequent side effects from radiation, particularly in relation to chemotherapy and radiation treatments.
Precautions: Anyone with diabetes or blood sugar problems should not take supplements in doses above 3000 mg and in combination with large doses of vitamins B-l and C except under the guidance of a physician, as it can inactive insulin production. On the other hand, Pearson and Shaw recommend taking three times as much vitamin C as the total cysteine intake and plenty of fluids to prevent the formation of kidney and bladder stones. Anecdotal evidence indicates that it could increase the toxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in those already susceptible.
Dosage: Up to 1 to 3 g/day, along with vitamin C (in doses three times the amount of cysteine so that the body does not produce too much cystine) and vitamin B-6, though Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., recommends no more than 1.5 g/day. It should also be taken on an empty stomach and with water. Ray Sahelian, M.D., states that because cysteine cannot cross cell membranes, supplements are useless.
CYSTINE
Effects: Cystine removes heavy metals from the body and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and eczema. It may also help tissue healing after surgery protect the liver against damage from exposure to carbon tetrachloride.
Precautions: Cystine should be used with caution by those susceptible to kidney, liver, or bladder stones.
ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID
AKA: EDTA.
A synthetic amino acid.
Effects: EDTA has been used in chelation therapy to treat Alzheimer's patients. It works by binding to harmful metals in the brain and body and removing them. Subjects in the early stages of Alzheimer's have shown definite improvements in brain-cell function.
5-HTP
AKA: 5-hydroxy tryptophan, 5-hydroxy 1-tryptophan, 5-OHT, oxitrip-tan.
Effects: It is converted by the body into serotonin after it has been converted from the amino acid tryptophan. It induces calmness and reduces insomnia, and has shown some promise as an appetite suppressant and in treating mild depression. It has also shown promise in treating anxiety, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, fibromyalgia, PMS, and migraine headaches. Unlike serotonin, it can cross the blood/ brain barrier. It works synergistically with melatonin.
Precautions: It should not be taken by anyone with ulcers or other gastrointestinal diseases, Crohn's disease, scleroderma, excess prolactin secretion, or carcinoid syndrome. Those over 60 may need smaller doses. Nausea and fatigue occur initially, but may eventually disappear. Daytime drowsiness, nightmares, loss of appetite, diarrhea, cramps, upset stomach, gas, vomiting, sweating, and lowered sex drive may also result, generally from higher doses. Rare side effects include long-term fatigue, stuffy or runny nose, and headaches. Daily use can lead to increased tolerance, with the result that higher doses are needed to achieve the same effects, and it can sometimes be hard to determine if 5-HTP will make you alert or drowsy (dosage, time of meals, time of day, supplements or medications, age, and hormonal levels all play a part). Long-term effects are not known. Overdose symptoms include the serotonin syndrome, where serotonin levels are too high, and which is characterized by restlessness, confusion, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, high blood pressure, increased body temperature, rapid heart rate, tremors, seizures, and — in rare cases — death. Recovery is complete if dosage is stopped. Some 5-HTP supplements contain vitamin B-6 (pyroxidal phosphate), which helps to convert tryptophan to melatonin. However, there is concern that the vitamin may convert 5-HTP to serotonin in the blood or tissues, which could cause adverse reactions or increase the manufacture of norepinephrine and dopamine, counteracting any sedative effects of 5-HTP. More ominously, while the brain creates 5-HTP and immediately destroys it, the pill distributes it, through the bloodstream, all over the body; the consequences of this are as yet unknown. It should not be combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants, or the diet drug dexfenfluramine (Redux). It should only be combined with MAO inhibitors under the guidance of a physician; combining 200 mg of 5-HTP with MAO inhibitors can result in high blood pressure and emotional instability. When combined with St. John's Wort, both should be taken in smaller doses to prevent the serotonin syndrome.
Dosage: It is about ten times more potent than tryptophan. Ray Sahelian recommends 10 to 50 mg one-half to one hour before sleep. Side effects generally occur in doses above 100 mg. It should be taken no more than once or twice a week. Taking it with 25 to 50 mg of vitamin B-6 may increase the amount converted to serotonin in the brain, and eating it with carbohydrates may help improve the rate at which it enters the brain.
GLUTAMINE
AKA: L-glutamine. A free-form amino acid that produces glutamic acid, a brain chemical that protects against ammonia metabolic waste.
Effects: Subjects have reported clearer thinking, improved alertness, and better moods. It manufactures GAB A, a neurotransmitter which soothes and calms the mind. It has also reportedly helped in the control of obesity (by reducing the craving for carbohydrates) and alcoholism, in reducing the healing time for ulcers, and for the relief of depression, fatigue, and impotence. It has been used to treat schizophrenia and senility, and research has shown that it can offset the adverse effects of immune system suppression caused by intense exercise. Laboratory tests have shown that glutamic acid retards the formation of or dissolves kidney stones. A deficiency can result in moodiness, ill temper, and a weakened immune system.
Precautions: Glutamic acid, unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, provides no known benefit. Over 2 g/day of glutamine can cause manic behavior. One individual taking high doses of glutamine experienced sleep loss, hyper-activity, and vivid uncontrollable thoughts. In a second reported case, a man taking four grams a day of L-glutamine for three weeks became psychotic, with hallucinations, grandiose delusions, insomnia, and a voracious sex drive. Those with sensitivity to the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) may experience an allergic reaction to glutamine.
Dosage: Some suggest starting with 250 to 500 mg/day and increasing to as much as 1 to 2 g/day. Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D., recommends 1 to 4 g/day in divided doses.
GLUTATHIONE
AKA: Glutaplex, GSH, GSH 250 Master Glutathione Formula. A stable tripeptide made by the body from the three amino acids L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, and glycine. It does not break down into the toxic product cystine (which can crystalize and produce kidney stones), but is totally absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
Food Sources: Asparagus, avocados, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, grapefruit, oranges, peaches, potatoes, purslane, strawberries, tomatoes, watermelon.
Effects: Glutathione is said to protect the brain cells against the cross-linking of proteins — a condition which reduces the efficiency of the brain cells — and increases the flow of oxygen and blood to the brain. It reportedly deactivates free radicals and counters the effect of lipid peroxides, which may be the key to its antiaging effect. The effectiveness of glutathione can be increased by lipoic acid, selenium, and vitamins B-2 and E.
Precautions: Persons with kidney disease, severe liver disease (especially that resulting from cirrhosis or Reye's syndrome), or those with seizure disorders should not take glutathione supplements without first consulting a physician. Those with diabetes or blood sugar problems should avoid doses above 3000 mg except under the care of a physician, as a combination of L-cysteine and large doses of vitamins Bl and C may inactivate insulin. Cysteine may also make some people more sensitive to the food additive MSG.
Dosage: Some suggest 250 to 500 mg/day, though Leon Chaitow recommends 1 to 3 g/day. The precursor N-acetyl-cysteine has been proven a more potent source of glutathione, but the exact dosage needed has not yet been determined. It may be more effective to consume the three amino acids and allow the body to manufacture glutathione on its own, rather than taking supplements. HlSTIDINE AKA: L-histidine.
Effects: Histadine is converted by the body into the neurotransmitter histamine, which plays a role in smooth muscle function and the dilation and contraction of blood vessels. It removes heavy metals from the body, helps protect nerves by maintaining the myelin sheath, and helps protect against radiation damage. Additionally, it promotes the manufacture of both red and white blood cells. It has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, poor sexual arousal, ulcers in the digestive tract, and nausea during pregnancy. A deficiency can lead to partial or total deafness and one form of schizophrenia (sufferers are referred to as histapenics).
Precautions: Histidine should not be used by manic-depressives with elevated levels of histamine or by women suffering from premenstrual depression. Whereas a deficiency can lead to one form of schizophrenia, an overdose can lead to another form (sufferers are referred to as histadelics; in some cases, methionine can decrease the level of histamine). Excessive histadine intake in males can lead to premature ejaculation, which can be countered with a supplementation of 500 mg of methionine, 500 mg of magnesium, and 50 mg of vitamin B-6. Dosages of over 4 g/day in women can trigger menstruation.
Dosage: Between 1 to 6 g/day with vitamin C.
L-PROLYL L-LEUCYL GLYCINE AMIDE
A tripeptide formed by three amino acids linked together.
Effects: It has been found to enhance learning.
METHIONINE
AKA: L-methionine. A sulfur-containing amino acid. Food sources: Found only in animal foods such as eggs, fish (all kinds), liver, meat (all kinds), milk, and poultry (all kinds).
Effects: Methionin is an antioxidant that is also said to protect against the accumulation of chemicals and heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, mercury) in the brain and body, play a key part in the production of the brain neurotransmitter choline (not to mention adrenaline, lecithin, and vitamin B12), prevent fat from getting into the arteries and liver, render selenium available to the body, and play an important role in the biosynthesis of two other amino acids — cysteine and taurine. Methionine is believed to relieve some cases of schizophrenia by lowering the level of histamine in the blood, and has been useful in the treatment of arthritis, cataracts, high cholesterol, chronic pain, asthma, allergies, and some cases of Parkinson's disease. It may help protect the liver against damage from carbon tetrachloride, and prevent certain tumors when used in combination with choline and folic acid. Deficiency symptoms include bad skin tone, loss of hair, a buildup of toxic wastes in the body and fat in the liver, anemia, impeded protein synthesis, and atherosclerosis. Selenomethionine is a variant in which selenium atoms replace the sulfur atoms.
Precautions: Methionine should always be taken with B-6 —to prevent an excess of homocysteine — and magnesium. Capsules are preferable to other forms because they avoid the rotten egg smell that usually accompanies it. One study suggests that methionine might be destroyed by excessive alcohol consumption.
Dosage: 100 to 250 mg/day. Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., recommends 200 to 1000 mg/ day with vitamin B-6 and magnesium; Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., advises against supplementation.
PHENYLALANINE
AKA: DL-phenylalanine (DLPA), D-phenylalanine, L-phenylalanine. Phenylalanine helps create the neurotransmitters, chiefly norepinephrine, epinephrine (or adrenalin), and dopamine, that produce mental arousal, alertness, and a better emotional state. It is often used by those attending raves. Food sources: Almonds, aspartame (NutraSweet), beef, black beans, chicken, cottage cheese, dairy products, eggs, fish, lima beans, milk, nuts, peanuts, pumpkin and sesame seeds, soybeans, sunflower seeds, watercress. Plants contain mostly the "D" form, while animal proteins contain mostly the "L" form.
Effects: Phenylalanine may contribute to a more positive mental state, alertness, more motivation and ambition, more energy, an increase in learning ability, better memory, and an increased ability to focus and pay attention. (Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., claims only the "D" form produces these beneficial results, while Mark Mayell claims that the "L" form stimulates the nervous system and libido, enhances mood and cognition, and suppresses the appetite, whereas the "D" form elevates mood and enhances memory, and DLPA combines the effects of both.) It may help counter jet lag when taken first thing in the morning or right after a long flight, as it helps regulate the body's biological clock. It is believed that DLPA activates the morphine-like endorphins in the body, hormones which act as painkillers. One study has shown that a significant percentage of individuals suffering from depression exhibited rapid improvements in mood when given 500 mg/day of L-phenylalanine (which was gradually increased to 3 to 4 g/day), along with 100 to 200 mg a day of vitamin B-6 to facilitate the effects of the amino acid. Another study showed significant improvements in those with depression when 250 mg of L-phenylalanine was combined with 5 to 10 mg of Eldepryl. In combination with B-6, it produces the compound phenylethylamine (PEA), which may elevate mood based on its action as a neurotransmitter. There is some evidence that, in combination with other substances, phenylalanine can help suppress addictive behavior and cravings, but there is no evidence that it suppresses appetite or enhances the libido. A deficiency can result in mood swings, weight gain, and problems with blood circulation.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those with pigmented malignant melanoma cancer, phenylketonuria (or PKU, a genetic metabolic disorder), psychosis, or Wilson's disease (otherwise known as hepatolenticular degeneration, a rare hereditary disease chiefly characterized by a toxic buildup of copper in the organs and tissues of the body). Likewise, those taking MAO-inhibitor drugs should avoid phenylalanine, as should pregnant or lactating women. Early studies seem to indicate that phenylalanine and tyrosine encourage the growth of melanomas (or skin cancers, one of the deadliest forms of cancer), and doctors usually have patients restrict their intake of these amino acids. Those with high blood pressure should only take it under the guidance of a health professional. Some warn that the daily dosage should not exceed 2.4 grams a day. Too much phenylalanine can result in overstimulation, nervousness, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, and irritability; if taken later in the day, it may cause insomnia. Mayell says these symptoms only occur with the "L" form, and can be avoided by reducing the dosage, switching to DLPA, or taking it only in the morning. Other symptoms include headaches and nausea.
Dosage: The RDA has not been established. It is recommended that both "D" and "L" forms be used, especially in the treatment of depression or for increased energy. A dose of 1000 to 1500 mg of DLPA may be taken in the morning without food; a second dose may be taken later in the day, this time with 100 mg of B-6, 500 mg of vitamin C, and some fruit or fruit juice to help convert the amino acid to norepinephrine. Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., recommends no more than 1.5 g/day, with 20 to 30 mg/ day of vitamin B-6 (not to exceed more than 50 mg/ day). Mayell advocates a more modest dose of 375 to 500 mg of the "L" form or 750 to 1000 mg of DLPA, first thing in the morning and at least 30 minutes before breakfast.
PYROGLUTAMATE
AKA: Adjuvant, Alpha-aminoglutaric acid lactam, Amino Mass, Arginine Pidolate, arginine pyroglutamate, Deep Thought, glutamic acid lactam, glutimic acid, glutiminic acid, Mental Edge, PCA, Piraglutargine, pyroGlu, pyroglutamic acid, pyrrolidon carboxylic acid, 2-oxo-pyrrolidon carboxylic acid. Pyroglutamate is able to cross the blood/brain barrier, and is found in significant amounts in the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. It is used to make various nootropic drugs such as piracetam and oxiracetam. Similar in effect to piracetam, though not as strong. Food sources: Dairy products, fruits, meats, vegetables.
Effects: Pyroglutamate improves memory, alertness, concentration, and learning, and reduces anxiety and depression. Arginine pyroglutamate also increases muscle mass by stimulating the growth hormone. Works synergistically with choline, DMAE, and other acetylcholine-enhancing nutrients.
Precautions: None known.
Dosage: 500 to 1000 mg/day for arginine pyroglutamate; a bit less for plain pyroglutamate.
TAURINE
AKA: L-taurine. Food sources: Eggs, fish (all kinds), lamb, meat (all kinds), milk, pork, shellfish. Though it is not found in any plant foods, it can be manufactured in the human body from cysteine. High levels are found in human milk, but not cow's milk.
Effects: An electrical-charge stabilizer in the nerves of the brain and nervous system (it can decrease or even prevent epileptic seizures, and may even prove beneficial in other brain disorders such as Huntington's chorea), it is important for muscle function, and plays a role in the manufacture of the neurotransmitter glutamate. It is said to help the heart function better by conserving potassium and calcium, and help regulate insulin and blood sugar levels. Since taurine controls the synthesis of glutamate, it acts as a depressant. It may be necessary for proper growth of the human body. Women require taurine more than men because its synthesis is inhibited by the female hormone estradiol. Taurine has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, stress, eye problems, immune function disorders, gall bladder disease, and some types of epilepsy, and it may be of some benefit in treating cystic fibrosis. Individuals deprived of full-spectrum light may suffer a deficiency of taurine in the pineal and pituitary glands, leading to depression and mental impairment. Eye problems may result if a zinc deficiency is also present.
Precautions: There is good evidence that taurine is a central nervous system depressant and that it can impair short-term memory, so supplementation is not advised.
Dosage: 100 to 500 mg/day. Sheldon Saul Hendler, M.D., Ph.D., advises against supplementation.
TRYPTOPHAN
AKA: L-tryptophan. Food sources: Bananas, unripened cheese, chicken, chicken liver, cottage cheese, evening primrose seeds, fish, lentils, meat, milk, peanuts, pineapple, pumpkin seeds, seaweed, soybeans and soybean products, spirulina, sunflower seeds, turkey, yogurt.
Effects: Tryptophan is necessary for the manufacture of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates mood and sleep patterns. It has proven helpful in the treatment of jet lag, depression, binge eating, obsessive-compulsive disorder, some forms of vascular migraines, panic attacks (when taken with vitamin B-6), and chronic pain, and may help in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and tardive dyskinesia. A deficiency may be characterized by insomnia, mental disturbances (particularly aggressive behavior), depression, bad skin color and tone, brittle fingernails, indigestion, and a craving for carbohydrates.
Precautions: It forms a harmful interaction when combined with MAO-inhibitor drugs or tricyclics, as it intensifies the side effects of these drugs. Because there are rare cases where tryptophan can cause excitability and insomnia, those who experience such symptoms should cease taking it immediately. It may be harmful to pregnant women, and may worsen the symptoms of bronchial asthma and lupus. Side effects may include nausea, headaches, gastric discomfort, and constipation. Specific tryptophan metabolites could cause bladder cancer. If the level of tryptophan is high in relation to the other amino acids, fatigue may result. It is not recommended that more than 2 grams a day be taken; nausea and vomiting are likely to occur in doses used to treat depression (6 to 9 grams and higher), though some studies have given subjects as much as 15 grams a day with no serious consequences. Scientists have still not unraveled the complicated process by which tryptophan is converted into serotonin, and some question whether oral doses are effective in this regard. In 1989, some 5,000 people suffered debilitating health problems from impurities in a batch of Ltryptophan distributed by Showa Denko, a Japanese firm that did not specialize in drugs or nutritional supplements; 36 of them died and many more were left permanently crippled. As a result, the sale of L-tryptophan supplements was banned in 1990. The FDA contends that the illness suffered by these victims, a blood disease called eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), and related illnesses are attributable to L-tryptophan itself. Cases have also been reported for uncontaminated batches and for the similar compound L-5-hydroxytryptophan, but many experts dispute the validity of these reports.
Dosage: For the cure of insomnia, Dr. Stuart Berger recommends 2 grams of tryptophan, 100 mg of vitamin B-6, and 1 gram of vitamin C on an empty stomach before going to bed, though some research indicates that 1 gram of tryptophan may be sufficient for most people (this applies only to late at night; to sleep during the day, the need for tryptophan will be higher); some supplemental B-3 (in a ratio of two parts tryptophan to one part B-3) and magnesium may also be helpful. Hightryptophan foods should be combined with carbohydrate-rich foods such as bread, pasta, or potatoes for best results. Proteins inhibit the brain's ability to absorb this amino acid. Eating sugary snacks can cause wild swings in insulin production and interfere with the body's ability to absorb tryptophan.
TYROSINE
AKA: L-tyrosine. Food sources: Fish, particularly shellfish.
Effects: Boosts the brain neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine, though the mental stimulation only occurs if the brain has used up these neurotransmitters. Elevates mood and energy (it has been effective in treating patients with depression), improves reaction time, alertness, attention, and motivation. It may help protect the liver from damage due to carbon tetrachloride, and has been used to treat stress, PMS, cocaine abuse, hay fever, grass allergies, Parkinson's disease, and cases of unipolar depression (i.e., unaccompanied by a manic phase) that do not respond to tryptophan.
Precautions: The fish or shellfish should be baked, broiled, grilled, steamed, or stewed, as fat and deepfrying destroys some of the beneficial effects. For best results, eat fish alone or with carbohydrate-rich foods (e.g., bread, potatoes). Because it might increase blood pressure in a small percentage of susceptible individuals, those with high blood pressure should take it only under the guidance of a physician. Those taking MAOinhibiting antidepressants should not take tyrosine supplements, as they can have adverse effects on blood pressure, as well as other serious consequences. Tyrosine should not be taken by anyone with melanoma. It could also trigger headaches in those already susceptible. Supplements should be taken with vitamins B-6 and C, as the brain needs these to turn the amino acid into norepinephrine. Supplements can create mild gastric problems if taken on an empty stomach. High doses can cause irritability, anxiety, and heart palpitations.
Dosage: The RDA has not been established. Three to four ounces of fish seems to be the optimal amount for most people; eating more will not result in any significant increase in effect. Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., recommends 100 mg per kilo of body weight per day; a dosage of 6 g/day in three divided doses for a two week period is recommended for the treatment of depression. Mark Mayell recommends that dosage not exceed 2 to 3 g/day (initial dosage should be 250 to 500 mg/day, working up to 750 mg twice a day until effects are noticed), that it be taken on an empty stomach, that it not be combined with other amino acids, and that it be taken with 25 mg/day of vitamin B-6 or B complex and 250 to 500 mg of vitamin C.
VALINE
AKA: L-valine.
Effects: Normalizes the nitrogen balance in the body and it is necessary for proper mental and neural functioning, and for muscle coordination. One study funded by the National Institutes of Health has found that, in combination with leucine and isoleucine — two other branched-chain amino acids — Valine has shown promise as a treatment for amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease. Subjects given these amino acids over the course of a year retained more of their muscle strength and ability to walk than those given a placebo, a result which may have been due in part to leucine and isoleucine's assistance in the breakdown of glutamate; valine was added because of a deficiency noted in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients. This combination also may prevent, and even reverse, liver damage resulting from alcoholism. Positive results have been recorded in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, chronic liver disease, and muscle atrophy in chronic heavy drinkers. Deficiency symptoms include nervousness, disrupted sleep patterns and mental functioning, and a nitrogen imbalance in the body.
Precautions: An overdose can lead to feelings of "crawling skin" and hallucinations. Any physical or mental benefits of supplementation by healthy individuals is unproven.
Dosage: 1 g/day. According to Leon Chaitow, N.D., D.O., it should be taken with the following amino acids in these proportions: one part tryptophan, two parts valine, two parts methionine, and three parts phenylalanine.
Nootropics: Smart Drugs
Nootropics is a term used by proponents of smart drugs to describe medical drugs and nutritional supplements that have a positive effect on brain function.
Below is a list of some of the commondrugs and supplements
AMPAKINE
Effects: A drug developed from ampakines, a class of biochemicals, has been found to enhance communication between brain cells. Subjects have been shown to have enhanced performance on memory tests, and it may show promise in helping those with such disorders as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, in which the high-speed electrical signals that link the brain's complex neural circuits are failing.
ANIRACETAM
AKA: Draganon, Ro 13-5057, Sarpul. Chemically similar to piracetam, but is about ten times stronger and treats more symptoms. How it works is still unknown.
Effects: Has been shown to protect the brains of lab animals.
Precautions: Toxicity and side effects seem minimal, but it has not been adequately tested on humans as yet.
Dosage: The most effective cognitive-enhancing dose is 1000 mg/day, though this is based only on one study.
BD
AKA: Enliven, GHRE, NRG3, 1,4 butanediol, Revitalize Plus, Serenity, Somatopro, Thunder Nectar, Weight Belt Cleaner.
Effects: Increases energy and promotes sleep. When taken orally, it is converted by the body into
GHB.
Precautions: Products containing BD have been associated with over 120 cases of adverse side effects, including three deaths. Side effects include dangerously low heart rate and breathing, vomiting, seizures, unconsciousness, and coma.
BEMEGRIDE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions.
CENTROPHENOXINE
AKA: Brenal, Cellative, Clocete, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-dimethy-laminoethyl ester, Helfergen, Lucidril, meclofenoxate, Marucotol, Methoxynal, Proserout. It is very similar structurally to the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In the bloodstream, it breaks down into DMAE and supplies the same basic building blocks as DMAE for manufacturing acetylcholine and speeding nerve transmissions across synapses.
Effects: It is believed to improve memory, increase mental alertness, improve mood, increase learning ability, protect against aging (has been shown to increase the life span of lab animals 30 percent), remove lipofuscin deposits (it may be better than DMAE in this respect, though some say that this is just speculative), repair synapses, attack free radicals, protect animal brains from the effects of hypoxia (in this respect, it may be useful to those who could suffer loss of oxygen to the tissues, such as some victims of angina, atherosclerotic dementia, intermittent claudication [severe pain in the calves when walking due to restricted blood flow in the legs], and stroke), and increases the rate of synthesis of RNA and the manufacture of new proteins. Despite this, it probably has no effect on Alzheimer's. In Europe, it has been used to treat reading problems, dysfunctions in speech and motor skills, and various age-related mental problems.
Precautions: Centrophenoxine may be dangerous to those who suffer from severe hypertension (high blood pressure), convulsions or involuntary musculoskeletal movements, hyperexcitability, insomnia, tremors, motion sickness, paradoxical drowsiness, and depression. Toxicity is uncommon in therapeutic doses; side effects are also rare, but include depression, dizziness, headaches, hyperexcitability, insomnia (especially if taken later in the day), motion sickness, sleepiness, and tremors.
Dosage: Some say 1000 to 3000 mg/day, though others say that such doses are unnecessarily high, and that 80 mg/kg of body weight (the dosage most often used in clinical trials) is sufficient. It takes effect very fast. DlAZADAMANTOL
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions.
DMSO
AKA: Dimethyl sulfoxide, RIMSO-50. Legally, it is only prescribed for interstitial cystitis and bladder inflammation, and is not recommended for any other use, though many use it to treat arthritis and sports injuries. It appears to be an all-purpose solvent, and has been used as a degreaser, paint thinner, and anti-freeze.
Effects: It works, not by lubricating joints or by deadening pain, but by scavenging free radicals. It has been shown to increase circulation; protect against the effects of radiation and freezing; reduce keloids, scars, and the effects of burns; help protect against fungus, bacteria, and viruses; be a beneficial supplement to cancer therapy; stimulate immunity; stimulate wound healing; and useful in treating such eye problems as cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma, among others. It has been found to reduce the severity of paraplegia in cats subjected to crushing spinal cord injuries, and the San Francisco General Hospital Brain Trauma and Edema Center has used it to treat brain injuries. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may provide benefits to those with Down's syndrome, learning disabilities, and senile dementia, as well as those with other forms of brain damage and dysfunction. Because it has so many benefits, proponents tout it as the wonder drug of the 21st century.
Precautions: It may be dangerous for those with a bladder malignancy, kidney or liver problems, diabetes, or who is allergic to DMSO. Those with fair skin use no more than a 50 percent concentration, as they are more sensitive to DMSO. Concentrations of 40 percent or more may prolong bleeding, and concentrations greater than 50 percent are not applied to the face and neck, as they are more sensitive to DMSO than the rest of the body. It should be dabbed on, not rubbed in, and any excess wiped off after half an hour; toxicity may occur if it is inhaled, as it evaporates slowly. It may exacerbate the effects of some allergens. Injections should only be administered by a physician. It is difficult to perform double-blind studies on DMSO; it imparts to the breath and skin an immediate garlic odor. A common side effect is a harmless garlic taste that can persist for up to three days. Less common side effects are vision problems (these have occurred quite frequently in lab animals, but are undocumented in humans), and possibly nausea, headaches, and skin rash, along with redness, itching, burning, discomfort, or blistering on the areas where it has been applied. Rare side effects include nasal congestion, itching, hives, and facial swelling. One life-threatening symptom is breathing difficulties. No overdose symptoms are known, though W. Nathaniel Phillips reports that concentrations greater than 70 percent can cause the skin problems, along with headaches, nausea, diarrhea, a burning sensation when urinating, photophobia (light intolerance), and disturbances in color vision. When combined with any other bladder medication, the effects of both drugs maybe intensified. As it can carry other substances directly into the blood, DMSO should not be applied to the skin where skin medications, cosmetics, lotions, bath oils, or soaps have already been applied. Most of the industrial grade, or solvent grade, solutions contain acetone, which is readily carried into the blood by DMSO, and which can cause liver damage and death. According to Pearson and Shaw, much of the DMSO sold over the counter or by mail order contains unwanted impurities such as dimethylsulfone, dimethylsufide, nitrogen oxides, and benzene. In addition, after it has scavenged the hydroxyl radicals from the body, it converts to a sulfoxide free radical. While this new free radical is less damaging than the one removed and can be counteracted with the various vitamin, mineral, and amino acid antioxidants, impurities can be carried directly into the bloodstream.
Dosage: The typical oral dose is 1 to 2 teaspoons a day, mixed with tomato or grape juice to mask its foul taste. The effects appear to be cumulative, so that the dosage can be reduced over a period of time. The drug appears crystal clear and has a very distinct sulfur or garlic odor; a cloudy or discolored appearance indicates impurities. It is not used for more than 30 days at a time, with a 30-day interval between periods of use. It is dabbed on, never rubbed in, and it is always stored in its pure state, with the bottle securely capped to prevent the absorption of moisture which might deteriorate the solution. The amount needed is mixed at the time of application.
POET
A substitute phenylalanine.
Effects: Said to greatly increase the creativity in people who are already creative, it contributes nothing to people who are not so inclined.
ETIRACETAM
A nootropic drug similar to piracetam. FlPEXIDE AKA: Attentil, BP 662, Vigilor.
Effects: Can enhance dopamine to a certain degree. In one study, forty older people with advanced cognitive disorders improved their scores on a number of various tests after taking it. It may improve learning, but not recall; improved learning may be attributed to the higher levels of dopamine, which can improve motor coordination, strengthen the immune system, and promote a sense of well-being, thus providing a better atmosphere for learning to take place.
Precautions: No side effects, toxi-city, or contraindications known, though more research is needed.
Dosage: Studies to date have used 600 mg/day in three divided doses.
GEROVITAL
AKA: Gerovital H3, GH-3. Gerovital is a chemical mixture of procaine hydrochloride, potassium metabisulfate, disodium phosphate, and benzoic acid. In the body, procaine breaks down into the B vitamin paraminobenzoic acid (PABA) and diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), a chemical relative to DMAE that is, in turn, converted into choline by the cells. While the work of Dr. Ana Asian has made it a very famous and popular anti-aging drug, it is also very controversial — its promoters claim that it can cure over 200 diseases and ailments associated with premature aging.
Effects: May improve memory by promoting better utilization of oxygen in the brain. It is an antidepressant as a result of it's being an MAO inhibitor. The Gerovital product PABA helps in forming blood cells, metabolizing protein, and performing the various functions of the skin. It also aids the intestinal bacteria in producing the vitamins folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, and vitamin K. Symptoms of deficiency include constipation, depression, digestive disorders, fatigue, gray hair, headaches, infertility, and irritability. By itself, it is not very effective, but produces good results when taken with procaine hydrochloride. Composed of choline and acetylcholine, the Gerovital product DEAE is an antidepressant.
Precautions: Other researchers have been unable to duplicate discoverer Ana Asian's positive results; some claim it is because they used straight procaine rather than GH-3, but there is much evidence to suggest that they are virtually identical. Additionally, Dr. Asian's research has been attacked for not being well-designed and controlled, and critics assert that most of the improvements are merely the result of its anti-depressant properties. A review of the scientific literature seems to back these criticisms. Dr. Stuart Berger states that PABA is not a vitamin, but a sunblock, and that it can severely deplete the body's white blood cells, and create adverse fatty changes in the heart, liver, and kidneys if taken internally in significant amounts. According to Prevention magazine and Dr. Ronald Klatz, the "active ingredient" is evidently the anesthetic novacaine, which begins to break down as soon as it enters the blood. Side effects, though not common, are life-threatening: allergic reactions, a sudden drop in blood pressure, respiratory problems, and convulsions. Because it is a weak MAO inhibitor, it does not elicit the side effects normally associated with these types of substances. There are rare allergic reactions, but otherwise no adverse effects have been reported, mainly because PABA and DEAE are quickly excreted by the body. Use of GH-3 and related formulations is avoided by anyone on MAO inhibitors, sulfa drugs, sulphonamide drugs, or combinations like cotrimoxazole.
Dosage: One tablet/day for 25 days, followed by a 5 day period of abstinence.
GHB
AKA: Alcover, 4-hydroxybutyrate, gamma hydrate, gamma-hydroxy-butyrate, gammahydroxybutyrate sodium, Gamma OH, Liquid Ecstasy, Liquid X, sodium oxybate, sodium oxybutyrate, Somatomax PM. A natural component of every cell in the body, GHB is found in the greatest concentrations in the kidneys, heart, skeletal muscles, brown fat, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. It is a precursor to the neurotransmitter GAB A, and may be a neurotransmitter itself. Unlke GABA, it can cross the blood/ brain barrier. It rapidly metabolizes to carbon dioxide and water.
Food Sources: Meat.
Effects: It produces a mild high, with feelings of bliss, placidity, euphoria, and sensuality. It stimulates the release of growth hormone in the body and, unlike drugs with a similar effect, GHB also increases levels of prolactin. Other physiological effects include a slight elevation of blood sugar, a significant decrease in cholesterol, a mild slowing of the heart, a slight lowering of body temperature, and a stimulation of the release of acetylcholine in the brain (which may improve memory and cognition, though this is, as yet, unproven). Sleep induced by GHB tends to be slightly deeper and somewhat shorter than sleep attained without the use of drugs; unlike other remedies for insomnia, it often does not produce grogginess upon waking. It may be useful in treating alcoholism, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may reduce fat and help build lean muscle tissue, possibly because of its effect on growth hormone. Some speculate it may have aphrodisiac and life-extension properties.
Precautions: It should not be used by anyone suffering from epilepsy, convulsions, slowed heartbeat arising from conduction problems, Cushing's syndrome, severe cardiovascular disease, severe hypertension, hyperprolactinemia, or any kind of severe illness. Before it was banned by the FDA in 1990, it had been studied for 25 years, with the result that it has shown extremely low toxicity. Of 10 known cases of individuals who have suffered side effects, the dosages taken were not known; four of those cases involved combining it with alcohol, two involved individuals with a history of epilepsy or grand mal seizures, and two involved combining it with tranquilizers or such central nervous system depressants as Vicodin and diphenhydramine hydrochloride. Bodybuilders who had taken GHB switched to GABA after the ban. It remains a popular "rave" drug, with many deaths attributed to it, though how many of these are due to impurities, misidentification, and combining with other drugs is unknown. Common side effects include abrupt sedation, loss of coordination, sleepwalking, unarousability, and decreased inhibition in those taking 2 to 6 teaspoons (approximately 5 to 15 grams) twice nightly over a period of several years. Mild side effects include a numbness of the legs, headache, lethargy, dizziness, a tightness in the chest, extreme ebullience, intense drowsiness, breathing difficulties, and uncontrollable muscle twitches. Severe side effects include confusion, nausea, diarrhea, incontinence, temporary amnesia, sleepwalking, uncontrollable shaking, vomiting, seizures, and brief (one to two hours) non-toxic coma. Complete recovery from even the most severe side effects, however, appears to occur within a few hours and with no apparent long-term side effects. In a 1992 report, epidemiologist Ming-Yan Chin and Richard A. Kreutzer, M.D., both working for the California Department of Health Services, concluded, "there are no documented reports of long-term [adverse] effects. Nor is there any evidence for physiological addiction." Others report that there has been one documented case of addiction, though there is no evidence of withdrawal symptoms. Because it may deplete levels of potassium in the body, GHB is often administered with a potassium supplement in which the elemental form is equal to 10 percent of the weight of the GHB consumed. It is not combined with central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium, Xanax), phenothiazines (e.g., Thorazine, Stellazine), various painkillers (e.g., opiates, barbiturates), alcohol, or over-the-counter allergy and sleep remedies. Food can dissipate or delay its effects, and caffeine can block its dopamine-related effects.
Dosage: In various studies doses of 6 to 8 g/day for eight to ten days, 20 to 30 g/day for a week, and 2.5 g/day for several years produced no adverse side effects. The initial dosage is small —an eighth to a fourth of a gram — and dissolved in water, increasing gradually to the desired dose (one level teaspoon equals approximately 2.5 grams). The dosage is adjusted according to body weight, though Ward Dean, M.D., etal, published the following general doserelated expectations: less than 1 gram gives rise to mild relaxation, reduced anxiety, and increased sociability; 1 to 2 grams, strong relaxation; 2 to 4 grams, sleep of three to four hours; 4 to 8 grams — very deep sleep of three to four hours; 10 to 30+ grams, a prolonged, very deep sleep of up to 24 hours. It is taken on an empty stomach (preferably three to four hours after the last meal) to avoid nausea, vomiting, and a delayed onset of effects. About three-quarters to one and a half grams produces a high, while 2.5 grams induces sleep. Illicit GHB invariably contains dangerous — even toxic — impurities. Pure GHB powder has a salty/ licorice taste, turns from a chalky texture to a greasy one when rubbed between the fingers, will fully dissolve in water, and will easily absorb water and turn liquid overnight.
GRISEOLI£ACID
Derivatives are known metabolic brain-enhancers.
HYDERGINE
AKA: Circanol, Deapril-ST, dihydroergotoxine, ergoloid mesylates, ergot alkaloids dihydrogenated, Hydroloid, Niloric. Hydergine is one of a class of drugs called ergoloid mesylates, which are a combination of three substances produced by the ergot fungus. It was discovered by Albert Hofmann, the chemist who discovered a more famous ergot derivative, LSD-25. The exact method by which it works is unknown, as ergot — a deadly poisonous dark purple or black fungus which thrives on wet grains such as rye — generally causes hallucinations, convulsions, gangrene, and death. Similar in chemistry to LSD, but non-hallucinogenic, it is — paradoxically — one of the easiest smart drugs to obtain. It is also one of the most widely researched and prescribed. It is generally prescribed to slow age-related memory loss and impaired concentration. In Europe, it is used routinely on accident victims — those suffering from shock, hemorrhage, strokes, heart attacks, drowning, electrocution, and drug overdose can sometimes be revived by intravenous injection— and on hospital patients just before standard surgeries (it gives doctors more time to handle any medical emergencies should they arise in the course of the operation).
Effects: Has been claimed to be an "all-purpose brain booster," as it improves blood flow to the brain, improves the oxygen supply to the brain, increases brain cell metabolism, protects the brain from hypoxia, decreases the development of age pigment (lipofuscin) in the brain, protects brain cells from free-radical damage, keeps a proper balance of several major neurotransmitters in the brain, normalizes systolic blood pressure, and decreases cholesterol levels. It is believed to improve memory, learning, intelligence, and recall. It may also increase the levels of some transmitters in the brain and may promote the growth of some dendrite nerve fibers. Some obscure French studies done in Africa may indicate it is an effective treatment for sicklecell anemia. Works synergistically with piracetam.
Precautions: It is not taken by individuals who are allergic to ergot or any of its derivatives, who suffer from any kind of psychosis, whose heartbeat is less than 60 beats per minute, or whose systolic blood pressure is below 100. It may be dangerous to individuals with low blood pressure, liver disease, or psychosis. It could result in a reduced ability of the body to adjust to cold temperatures. Common symptoms include runny nose, skin flushing, and headache. Less common symptoms are a slow heartbeat, tingling fingers, and blurred vision. Rare symptoms include fainting, rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, dizziness when arising, drowsiness, soreness under the tongue, and loss of appetite. Overdosing can cause agitation, headaches, flushing in the face, nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, a drop in blood pressure, blurred vision, weakness, collapse, coma, and amnesia. Many doctors are not convinced of its efficacy. It is rather expensive. When combined with other ergot preparations or sympathomimetics, it may result in decreased circulation to the limbs, which could be serious. It could greatly intensify the effect of caffeine, cause an excessive drop in blood pressure when combined with alcohol, lead to overstimulation when combined with cocaine, and decrease the ergoloid effect when combined with marijuana or tobacco.
Dosage: The recommended dosage in the U.S. is 3 mg/day; in Europe, it is 9 mg/day in three divided doses, but 4.5 to 6 mg/day appears to produce good results. Sublingual tablets are ineffective if swallowed intact. It may take at least half a year before the effects are noticeable, but one study has shown that healthy young people taking 12 mg/day saw greater alertness and mental abilities after only two weeks. It works synergistically with piracetam; when the two are combined, smaller doses of each are just as effective as a larger dose of one.
ISOPRINOSINE
AKA: Methisprinol. Two of the ingredients in isoprinosine are inosine, which is used by the body to make RNA, and dimethy-laminoethanol (DMAE), which assists the inosine in penetrating the blood-brain barrier. It is chemically similar to DMAE.
Effects: Assists the brain in certain key functions relating to memory formation and promotes RNA synthesis in brain cells. It promotes RNA synthesis in brain cells; is an immune stimulator which may have antiviral properties; and has been shown to increase the effectiveness of Interferon, render some herpes viruses inactive, and reduce the severity of some AIDS symptoms.
Precautions: It should not be used by those with gout or who are predisposed to developing it.
K.H.3
A procaine formula similar to Gerovital and Vitacel, it comes in gelatin capsule form, where it is coupled with hematoporphyrin, which increases the effectiveness of procaine.
Effects: Allegedly improves alertness, concentration, and recall, along with a host of physical disorders.
Precautions: It is not taken by those allergic to procaine or who are taking sulfa drugs or MAO inhibitors. The precautions that apply to Gerovital also apply to K.H.3.
Dosage: 1 or 2 capsules a day with meals for five months, followed by a period of two to four weeks of no K.H.3. MlLACEMIDE AKA: 2-n-pentylaminoacetamide.
Effects: A few studies have shown it to improve certain aspects of memory in normal people, while having no effect on memory on those afflicted with Alzheimer's or schizophrenia. Much more research needs to be done.
Precautions: Possible side effects include elevated liver enzymes, nausea, diarrhea, and disorientation. It is not combined with any MAO-B inhibitor drug, such as deprenyl, as it may have a negative effect on memory and brain function.
Dosage: The optimal dosage seems to be 400 to 1200 mg/day. Since it apparently has an inverted Ushaped dose-response curve, smaller doses (unless used in combination with other smart drugs) and larger doses may have insignificant, or even negative, results.
NAFTIDROFURYL
A metabolic brain-enhancer.
NDD-094
Effects: A compound said to stop, and even reverse, memory loss, apparently by regrowing nerve cells that create acetylcholine. patients taking NDD-094 have registered improved brain activity levels on PET scans.
Precautions: There may be side effects, including nausea. Much more research needs to be done.
NEFIRACETAM
Effects: Like piracetam, it is derived from pyrrolidone, which is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
NOOTROPYL
AKA: 2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide. An analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter.
Effects: It apparently stimulates the flow of information between the two hemispheres of the brain in rats and mice.
OXJRACETAM
AKA: CT-848, hydroxypiracetam, ISF-2522, Neuractiv, Neuromet. An analogue of piracetam that is about two to three times more potent.
Precautions: It appears to be nontoxic, with no ill effects in doses as high as 2400 mg/day. Little research has been done on healthy individuals, however.
Dosage: Doses of 1200 to 2400 mg/day seem to produce the greatest improvement in cognitive function, though some recommend 800 to 2400 mg/day.
OXPRENOLOL
A beta-adrenergic blocking agent prescribed to reduce angina attacks, stabilize an irregular heartbeat, lower blood pressure, and reduce the occurrence of vascular headaches.
Effects: It has been shown to reduce phobias and eliminate anxiety.
Precautions: It is not taken by anyone with an allergy to any beta-adrenergic blocker; by those with hypotension, as it lowers blood pressure, aggravates any condition of congestive heart failure, produces tingling in the extremities, and light-headedness; by those with asthma, pollen allergies, upper respiratory disease, or arterial spasms; or by those who have taken MAO inhibitors or other psychiatric or psychotropic drugs within the preceding two weeks. It is used by those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma, bronchitis, hay fever, or emphysema), diabetes or hypoglycemia, kidney or liver problems, heart disease or poor circulation in the limbs, an overactive thyroid function, or surgery within the previous two months (including dental surgery) that requires general or spinal anesthesia. For those over age 60, the side effects maybe more severe and frequent. Prolonged use can weaken the heart muscles, and it may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia or alter the results of some medical tests. Common side effects include a pulse rate slower than 50 beats per minute, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes, weakness, cold hands or feet, and dryness of the eyes, mouth, and skin. Less common side effects include hallucinations, nightmares, insomnia, headaches, breathing difficulties, joint pain, anxiety, chest pain, confusion, lack of alertness, depression, impotence, abdominal pain, and constipation. Rare symptoms include rash, sore throat, fever, unexplained bleeding or bruising, and dry burning eyes. There is an enhanced beta blocker effect when combined with betaxolol eyedrops or Levobunolol eyedrops, and a diminished beta blocker effect when combined with Dextrothyroxine or Indomethacin. It can intensify the effects of antidiabetics, antihypertensives, barbiturates, insulin, and narcotics, and can lessen the effects of antihistamines and beta-agonists. It can decrease the effectiveness of Digitalis if taken for congestive heart failure, but increase its effectiveness if taken for any other medical reason. There is an increased drop in blood pressure when taken with alcohol, calcium channel blockers, Clonidine, Diazoxide, or Guanabenz. When combined with angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), it could increase the antihypertensive effect of one or both drugs; with Encainide, it could damage the heart muscle; with Molindone, there could be an increased tranquilizer effect; with MAO inhibitors, there could be a rise in blood pressure if the latter is discontinued; with cocaine, there could be an irregular heartbeat and a decreased betaadrenergic effect; with daily marijuana use, there could be circulation problems in the hands and feet; and with tobacco, there could be an irregular heartbeat. It may also interact with certain ingredients in over-the-counter cold, cough, and allergy remedies.
PENTYLENETETRAZOL
AKA: Metrazol.
Effects: Stimulates theta rhythms in the brain, which are associated with periods of creative thinking, and may increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions.
PHENYTOIN
AKA: Dilantin (extended action), Diphenylan (prompt acting), Diphenylhydantoin (DPH), Ditan (prompt acting), Ethotoin, Mephenytoin, Mesantoin, Peganone, Phenytex, PHT. The most commonly prescribed drug for epilepsy, it has been the subject of at least 8000 papers. The exact mechanism by which it works is still not understood, but it is believed to influence the electromagnetic fields, polarizing the electrically charged elements of the cells.
Effects: Though it is mainly used as a treatment for epilepsy, it has a number of other various effects: it can normalize electrical activity in the cell membranes; it can stabilize behavior by suppressing obsessive thoughts, fear, anger, violent behavior, and passivity; it can supposedly improve intelligence, concentration, learning, long-term memory, comprehension, and speed of visual-motor coordination; it has some anti-aging effects, including restoring the homeostasis of the neuroendocrine system; in small doses, it increases the "good" form of cholesterol, called high density lipo-protein (HDL).
Precautions: It is not taken by anyone who is allergic to hydantoin anticonvulsants, has liver damage or impaired liver functioning, has had surgery within the last two months that has required general or spinal anesthesia, has diabetes, or a blood disorder. Those over 60 should realize that adverse reactions and side effects will occur more often and much more strongly than they do in younger individuals. Common side effects include constipation; mild dizziness; drowsiness; gums that are bleeding, swollen, or tender; nausea; increased susceptibility to sunburn; and vomiting. Less common side effects include agitation, breast swelling, confusion, diarrhea, an increase in facial and body hair, hallucinations, headaches, insomnia, muscle twitches, rash, slurred speech, staggering, vision changes. Rare symptoms include abdominal pain, an increased chance of bleeding or bruising, fever, jaundice, and sore throat. Other symptoms cited by some sources include anemia, balding, chest pains, depression, mental confusion and learning disability, conjunctivitis, nervousness, numbness of the hands and feet, nystagmus, retention of water, sensitivity to bright lights, swollen glands, tiredness, irritability, and weight gain, though these also disappear as time goes on and dosage is reduced. A severe allergic reaction could be life-threatening, and could include such symptoms as fever, rash, swollen glands, and kidney failure. Use of phenytoin may even cause liver damage, including hepatitis. If stomach upset occurs, it should be taken with meals. Long-term effects may be weakened bones, gum overgrowth (though this occurs mainly in children and is rare in instances where the lower, cognitive-enhancing doses are taken; still, good oral hygiene is recommended), constant eye movements, liver damage, lymph gland enlargement, and numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. An overdose can cause problems in maintaining balance, a drop in blood pressure, slow, shallow breathing, coma, drowsiness, spastic eye movements, decreased intelligence, slow reaction time, slurred speech, and staggering. There have been reports of insomnia, tremors and in some cases, liver toxicity in the first month or so of use. It is not habit-forming, but abrupt cessation could trigger severe epileptic seizures. Phenytoin may deplete the body's stores of B-12, lead to a heightened need for thyroid hormone, interfere with the absorption of vitamin D and folic acid (supplements of calcium should be taken along with vitamin D and folic acid, though calcium will decrease the amount of Phenytoin the body absorbs from the small intestine). The effects of Phenytoin can be increased when taken with alcohol (small amounts), Allopurinol, salicylate drugs such as aspirin, benzodiazopine tranquilizers and sedatives, Chlorphi-ramine, Cimetidine, Ibuprofen, Metro-nidazole, Miconazole, Molindone, Nizatidine, Omeprazole, Phenacemide, succinimide antiseizure medicines, tri-cyclic antidepressants, Trimethoprim, or Valproic Acid. The anticonvulsant effect can be enhanced when taken in combination with Amiodarone, Carba-mazepine, Chloramphenicol, Disul-firam, Fluconazole, Isoniazid, Methylphenidate, Nicardipine, Nimodipine, Oxyphenbutazone, Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), Phenothiazines, Phenylbutazone, Sulfa drugs, or Warfarin. The anticonvulsant effect is diminished when Phenytoin is taken with alcohol (habitual use), antacids, anticancer drugs, barbiturates, Carbamazepine, charcoal tablets, Diazoxide, Glutethimide, influenza virus vaccine, Loxapine, marijuana (with attendant drowsiness and unsteadiness), Nitrofurantoin, Paroxitine, Pyridoxine, Rifampin, Sucralfate, or Theophylline. When taken in combination with anticoagulants or Propafenone, the effects of both drugs are intensified, and when taken with Xanthines, the effects of both drugs are weakened. Phenytoin can amplify the effects of Estrogen, Griseofulvin, Methotrexate, Propranolol, Quinidine, sedatives, and Warfarin, and curtail the effects of Amiodarone, Carbamazepine, corticosteroids, cortisone drugs, Cyclosporine, Dicumarol, Digitalis preparations, Disopyramide, Doxycycline, Furosemide, Haloperidol, Hypoglycemics, Itraconazole, Methadone, Metyrapone, Mexiletine, oral contraceptives, potassium supplements, Probenecid, Quinidine, Sotalol, Theophylline drugs, and Valproic Acid. Phenytoin can interact unpredictably with Clonazepam, Dopamine, levodopa, Levonorgestrel, Mebendazole, Phenothiazine antipsychotic medicines, or oral antidiabetic medications. The severity of side effects and adverse reactions increases when taken with Felbamate, there is an increased risk of toxicity when taken with Cimetidine, and an increased risk of liver toxicity when taken with Acetaminophen. The anticonvulsant dose may need to be adjusted when taken with tricyclic antidepressants; there may be a changed seizure pattern when taken with barbiturates; there is a greater chance of bone disease when taken with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; there could be oversedation when taken with central nervous system depressants; the incidence of seizures increases when taken with cocaine or oral contraceptives; corticosteroid drugs could hide any Phenytoinsensitivity reactions; there could be an increase in drug levels in the blood when taken in combination with gold compounds; and Leucovorin could counteract the effects of phenytoin. When taken with Lithium, it can increase the toxicity of the latter drug; when taken with MAO inhibitors, it could result in an increased polythiazide effect; when taken with Meperidine, it can decrease the painrelieving effects of the latter while increasing its side effects; when taken with nitrates, it could result in an excessive drop in blood pressure; when taken with Omeprazole, there could be a delay in the excretion of phenytoin with a resultant excess remaining in the blood; when taken with Phenacemide, it could result in an increased risk of paranoia; and when taken with Valproic acid, it could result in seizures.
Dosage: Adult epileptics are generally given doses of 200 to 400 mg/day in two to four divided doses. About an eighth of that, or 25 to 50 mg/day are given for cognitive-enhancing effects, though some recommend as much as 100 mg/day in two to four divided doses. PlCROTOXINE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions. PlRACETAM AKA: Cerebroforte, Dinagen, Gabacet, Nootropil, Normabrain. Its chemical structure is very close to the amino acid pyroglutamate, a substance found in meat, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products.
Effects: Protects the brain against — and helps it recover from — hypoxia; protects against metabolic stress related to low oxygen flow to the brain resulting from intense athletic performance, high altitude conditions, and smoking; steps up the rate of metabolism and level of energy in the brain cells by increasing the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and improving the blood flow within the brain; improves memory, alertness, and some kinds of learning in normal humans (probably by helping the brain synthesize new proteins); prevents memory loss caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning; and facilitates the flow of information between the two hemispheres of the brain, an important component of creativity, insight, and peak performance. May contribute to the growth of more cholinergic receptors in the brain. It has been used in the treatment of dyslexia, stroke, alcoholism, vertigo, senile dementia, and sickle-cell anemia, among other conditions. Works synergistically with centrophenoxine, choline, Deaner, DMAE, gingko biloba, Hydergine, or lecithin; for improving memory, the combination of Piracetam and choline is particularly effective.
Precautions: Though piracetam is derived from pyrrolidone, a substance that is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, the exact mechanism by which it works is still not fully understood. There is some evidence that it increases the number of receptors in the brain, but it also seems to increase blood flow to the brain. Still other theories suggest that it improves protein synthesis in the brain, improves the function of nerve fibers in the corpus callosum (thereby assisting the flow of information between the two halves of the brain), or that it reduces free radicals. It is avoided by those with severe kidney failure and those taking anticoagulant drugs. In rare cases, it may cause gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, headaches, insomnia, nausea, and psychomotor agitation. It may result in acetylcholine's being used up more rapidly in the body, so a choline supplement may be needed. It may also increase the effects of such drugs as amphetamines, psychotropics, and Hydergine. It is not believed to be toxic or addictive, and has no contraindications.
Dosage: 800 to 1600 mg/day after an initial daily dose of 1200 to 2400 mg/ day taken in the morning for the first two days. Others recommend 2400 to 4800 mg/day in three divided doses, while still others a more modest dose of 500 to 600 mg/day for a healthy person and 1000 to 2000 mg/day for an elderly person with mild to moderate memory impairment.
PRAMIRACETAM
AKA: CI-879, Neupramir. A variant of piracetam, it stimulates the functioning of the cholinergic system, but at much lower doses (it is approximately 15 times stronger than piracetam). It is not as fully tested and researched as piracetam.
Precautions: Toxicity is rare, and known side effects are few.
Dosage: 75 to 1500 mg/day.
PRL-8-53
Effects: An experimental drug that has been shown to increase recall in subjects by as much as 150 percent.
PROPANIRACETAM
A nootropic drug similar to piracetam.
PROPRANOLOL
AKA: Inderal, Inderal LA (long acting), propranolol hydrochloride. A beta-andrenergic blocking agent medication prescribed for high blood pressure patients and used in the treatment of angina, hypertension, specific tremors, and certain cardiac arrhythmias.
Effects: Reduces fear and stress by blocking the muscle's receptor sites for adrenaline; it also reduces the oxygen requirements of the heart and reduces the contractions of the blood vessels in the heart, scalp, and other areas. Taking it a half hour before an anxiety- or fear-inducing event may help an individual overcome his or her aversion to that situation.
Precautions: Most studies have been short term (six weeks or so), and more recent evidence does not support the claim that it works consistently over the long run. There is also evidence that it controls the physical symptoms of anxiety, but not the psychological ones. It is not taken by anyone with an allergy to any beta-adrenergic blocker; by those with hypotension, as it lowers blood pressure, aggravates any condition of congestive heart failure, produces tingling in the extremities, and light-headedness; by those with asthma, pollen allergies, upper respiratory disease, or arterial spasms; or by those who have taken MAO inhibitors or other psychiatric or psychotropic drugs within the preceding two weeks. It is prescribed for those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma, bronchitis or emphysema), diabetes or hypoglycemia, kidney or liver problems, heart disease or poor circulation in the limbs, an overactive thyroid function, or surgery within the last two months (including dental surgery) that requires general or spinal anesthesia. Common side effects include a slow pulse rate (fewer than 50 beats per minute), a coldness in the hands and feet, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, a dryness of the mouth, eyes, and skin, fatigue, and numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes. Less frequent symptoms include abdominal pain, a loss of alertness, anxiety, difficult breathing, chest pain, confusion, constipation, depression, hallucinations, headache, impotence, insomnia, joint pain, and nightmares. Rare side effects include excessive bleeding and bruising, eyes that are dry and burning, fever, rash, sore throat, vomiting, and emotional instability. Other possible side effects include short-term memory loss, visual disturbances, weakness, and paranoia. Overdose symptoms include a drop in blood pressure, bronchial muscle spasms leading to breathing difficulties, convulsions, fainting, heart failure, a slow or weak pulse, cold and sweaty skin, and weakness. Toxic psychosis will occur when the dosage is high (i.e., thousands of milligrams a day). Use is discontinued by decreasing the dosage gradually over a period of two weeks, as abrupt cessation could damage the heart. For those over age 60, the side effects may be more severe and frequent. Prolonged use can weaken the heart muscles. It may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia or alter the results of some medical tests. There is an enhanced beta blocker effect when combined with betaxolol eyedrops or Levobunolol eyedrops, and a diminished beta blocker effect when combined with Dextrothyroxine or Indomethacin. It can intensify the effects of antidiabetics, antihypertensives, barbiturates, insulin, and narcotics, and can lessen the effects of antihistamines and beta-agonists. It can decrease the effectiveness of Digitalis if taken for congestive heart failure, but increase its effectiveness if taken for any other medical reason. There is an increased drop in blood pressure when taken with alcohol, calcium channel blockers, Clonidine, Diazoxide, or Guanabenz. When combined with angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), Propranolol could increase the antihypertensive effect of one or both drugs; with Encainide, it could damage the heart muscle; with Molindone, it could increase tranquilizer effect; with MAO inhibitors, it could raise blood pressure if the latter is discontinued; with cocaine, it could lead to an irregular heartbeat and a decreased beta-adrenergic effect; with daily marijuana use, it may promote circulation problems in the hands and feet; and with tobacco, it could lead to an irregular heartbeat. It may also interact with certain ingredients in overthe- counter cold, cough, and allergy remedies.
Dosage: Some recommend 10 to 30 mg a half hour before the trauma-inducing event, though the usual prescribed dosage is 5 to 10 mg. Propranolol will have a greater effect if taken with meals. RlBAMOL AKA: 2-hydroxytriethylammo-nium ribonucleate.
Effects: May enhance memory and learning. RlVASTIGMINE The first in a new class of drugs known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Effects: A study has shown that it may improve the brain functioning of those with mild to moderate forms of Alzheimer's disease, enabling them to perform normal activities again.
RN-13
AKA: Regeneresen. Developed by Hans J. Kugler, it is a mixture of RNA from twelve organs (placenta, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus, adrenal cortices, pituitary, thalamus, spleen, vascular walls, cerebral cortex, liver, and kidneys), along with yeast-derived nucleic acid.
Effects: Said to double the life span of dwarf mice, have a rejuvenating influence on the human body, and improve learning, memory, and general brain function.
ROLZIRACETAM
Effects: Like piracetam, it is derived from pyrrolidone, which is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
SABELUZOLE
Effects: Preliminary evidence indicates that it may prevent Alzheimer's from progressing, and may improve memory and learning in normal individuals.
STRYCHNINE SULFATE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility. Precautions: Causes convulsions.
SULBUTIAMINE
AKA: Arcalion. A compound similar to Hydergine, but stronger.
Effects: Promotes alertness, strengthens long-term memory, improves reaction time, fights fatigue, lowers anxiety, and improves resistance to stress.
Precautions: More than three 200 mg tablets a day may result in severe headaches.
Dosage: 400 mg/day with breakfast for 20 days.
SYGEN
AKA: GM1 ganglioside.
Effects: In use in Italy as a treatment for Alzheimer's and memory disorders.
TACRINE
AKA: Cognex, tacrine hydrochloride, Tetrahydroaminoacridine, THA.
Effects: Has a good track record for improving memory in Alzheimer's patients, especially when taken with deprenyl and lecithin, though it does not help other damage caused by this disease. It is most effective for those whose memory problems are the result of too little acetylcholine, as it is the only drug proven to raise levels of acetylcholine in the brain.
Precautions: It is not taken by those allergic or sensitive to Tacrine or acridine derivatives. A doctor should be consulted first if any one of the following conditions are present: heart rhythm problems, ulcers, liver disease, bladder disease, seizure disorders, asthma, or a previous reaction to tacrine that has caused jaundice or elevated bilirubin. Women are likely to retain more of this drug in their blood and suffer side effects. It could be hepatotoxic (toxic to the liver) and should only be taken under a physician's guidance. It is used as a "smart drug" only by those with Alzheimer's, and even then it loses its effectiveness after only a few months. Common side effects include headaches, sore throat, dizziness, fainting, chills, sweating, fever, stomach gas, skin rash, lack of coordination, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, swelling in the legs and feet, a tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty urinating, joint pain and inflammation, spasticity, hyperactivity, nervousness, sinus inflammation, bronchitis, pneumonia, difficulty breathing, convulsions, liver inflammation, conjunctivitis, blood pressure changes, and broken bones. Less common side effects include loss of appetite, changes in taste, drowsiness, eyes that are dry or itching, eye pain, sties, double vision or other vision problems, glaucoma, cataracts, earache, ringing or buzzing in the ears, deafness, infections of the middle or inner ear, a flushing in the face, facial swelling, a sickly appearance, indigestion, insomnia, muscle aches, runny nose, rash, stomach pain, heavy sweating, dehydration, greater chance of tiredness or weakness, and weight gain, heart failure, heart attack, angina pains, stroke, vein irritation, cardiac insufficiency, heart palpitations, abnormal heart rhythms, migraines, slow heart rate, blood clots in the lung, elevated blood cholesterol, inflamed tongue swollen gums, dry mouth and throat, mouth sores, upset stomach, excess saliva, difficulty swallowing, esophagus and stomach irritation, bleeding or ulcers in the stomach or intestines, hemorrhoids, hiatal hernia, bloody stools, diverticulitis, loss of bowel control, impacted colon, gallbladder irritation or stones, increased appetite, diabetes, anemia, osteoporosis, tendinitis, bursitis, abnormal dreams, speaking difficulties, loss of memory, twitching, delirium, paralysis, slow muscle movements, nerve inflammation or disease, Parkinson's-type movements, apathy, heightened sex drive, neurosis, paranoia, nosebleeds, chest congestion, asthma, rapid breathing, respiratory infection, acne, hair loss, skin rash, eczema, dry skin, herpes zoster (shingles), psoriasis, skin inflammation, cysts, furuncles, cold sores, herpes infections, blood and puss in the urine, kidney stones and infections, sugar in the urine, frequent urination, urinating at night, cystitis, vaginal bleeding, genital itching, breast pain, impotence, and prostate cancer. Rare side effects include heat exhaustion, blood infection, very abnormal heart rhythms, bowel obstruction, duodenal ulcer, convulsions, lack of coordination, thyroid changes, a reduction in white blood cell and platelet counts, muscle disease, some loss of the senses (particularly touch), severe uncontrolled movements of the face, loss of muscle tone, changes in liver function (resulting in yellow skin or eyes, changes in stool color), inflammation of the brain and possibly the central nervous system, Bell's palsy, suicidal thoughts, hysteria, psychosis, vomiting blood, fluid in the lungs, lung cancer, sudden choking, skin peeling, oily skin, skin ulcers, skin cancer, melanoma, bladder or kidney tumors, kidney failure, urinary obstruction, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, inflammation of the male reproductive tract, blindness, drooping or inflamed eyelids, and disturbances or inflammation of the inner ear. Overdose symptoms include a decrease in blood pressure, collapse, convulsions, decreased heartbeat, muscle weakness (leading to respiratory failure and death), severe nausea and vomiting, increased salivation, and heavy sweating. Cimetidine can increase the amount of Tacrine in the blood, and tobacco can increase the rate at which it is broken down in the liver. Theophylline could intensify the effect of this drug, and anticholinergics could diminish the effect of this drug. It could also strengthen the effects of muscle relaxants during surgery. Tacrine is taken at least one hour before or two hours after eating.
Dosage: Subjects with Alzheimer's showed the best improvement when given doses of 120 to 160 mg/ day, but improvements in memory and the ability to think and reason lasted for only 24 weeks, after which the decline in mental abilities resumed.
2-MEA
AKA: Cysteamine, 2-mercapto-ethylamine.
Effects: An antioxidant. It bolsters the immune system and may increase life span. It is used as a treatment for radiation sickness in the former Soviet Union, and can remove heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and mercury from the body.
Precautions: May actually shorten the life span if a very high dosage is combined with a very high dosage of vitamin E.
Dosage: John Mann recommends 200 mg/day for life extension. VlNCAMINE AKA: Oxicebral. Made from an extract of the periwinkle plant.
Effects: A vasodilator (improves blood flow to the brain and enhances the brain's utilization of oxygen). Users claim it improves memory and cognition, but sufficient scientific research is lacking for normal, healthy people.
Precautions: It may cause a reduction in white corpuscles and a degeneration of muscle tissue. In rare cases, it causes gastrointestinal problems.
Dosage: 60 mg/day in two divided doses. VlNPOCETINE AKA: Cavinton. A close relative of vincamine believed to elicit more benefits and fewer side effects.
Effects: Reportedly a strong enhancer of memory and concentration. It improves the brain's metabolism by increasing the blood flow, speeding up the rate at which ATP is produced by the brain cells, and improving the use of glucose and oxygen in the brain. It is particularly effective for disorders caused by poor or impaired circulation, such as stroke, headaches, recurring dizziness, macular degeneration, and certain ear problems.
Precautions: No toxicity or contraindications. Side effects, which include dry mouth, hypotension, tachycardia, and weakness, are rare.
Dosage: 5 to 10 mg/day. It takes a year for the drug to reach its peak efficiency. VlTACEL 3 The tablet form of GH-3, it has the active PEN ingredient as Gerovital. Vitaeel 4 has the addition of bee propolis for its antibacterial and antiviral qualities, and royal jelly for its high levels of vitamins B-5, B-6, and C. Vitacel 7 has replaced the bisulfite and benzoic acid with vitamin-complexing agents to prevent allergy problems; according to creator Dr. Robert Koch, this last formulation helps the procaine hydrochloride stay active in the body for several hours. Precautions: See the entries under Gerovital and Royal jelly.
Below is a list of some of the commondrugs and supplements
AMPAKINE
Effects: A drug developed from ampakines, a class of biochemicals, has been found to enhance communication between brain cells. Subjects have been shown to have enhanced performance on memory tests, and it may show promise in helping those with such disorders as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, in which the high-speed electrical signals that link the brain's complex neural circuits are failing.
ANIRACETAM
AKA: Draganon, Ro 13-5057, Sarpul. Chemically similar to piracetam, but is about ten times stronger and treats more symptoms. How it works is still unknown.
Effects: Has been shown to protect the brains of lab animals.
Precautions: Toxicity and side effects seem minimal, but it has not been adequately tested on humans as yet.
Dosage: The most effective cognitive-enhancing dose is 1000 mg/day, though this is based only on one study.
BD
AKA: Enliven, GHRE, NRG3, 1,4 butanediol, Revitalize Plus, Serenity, Somatopro, Thunder Nectar, Weight Belt Cleaner.
Effects: Increases energy and promotes sleep. When taken orally, it is converted by the body into
GHB.
Precautions: Products containing BD have been associated with over 120 cases of adverse side effects, including three deaths. Side effects include dangerously low heart rate and breathing, vomiting, seizures, unconsciousness, and coma.
BEMEGRIDE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions.
CENTROPHENOXINE
AKA: Brenal, Cellative, Clocete, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-dimethy-laminoethyl ester, Helfergen, Lucidril, meclofenoxate, Marucotol, Methoxynal, Proserout. It is very similar structurally to the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In the bloodstream, it breaks down into DMAE and supplies the same basic building blocks as DMAE for manufacturing acetylcholine and speeding nerve transmissions across synapses.
Effects: It is believed to improve memory, increase mental alertness, improve mood, increase learning ability, protect against aging (has been shown to increase the life span of lab animals 30 percent), remove lipofuscin deposits (it may be better than DMAE in this respect, though some say that this is just speculative), repair synapses, attack free radicals, protect animal brains from the effects of hypoxia (in this respect, it may be useful to those who could suffer loss of oxygen to the tissues, such as some victims of angina, atherosclerotic dementia, intermittent claudication [severe pain in the calves when walking due to restricted blood flow in the legs], and stroke), and increases the rate of synthesis of RNA and the manufacture of new proteins. Despite this, it probably has no effect on Alzheimer's. In Europe, it has been used to treat reading problems, dysfunctions in speech and motor skills, and various age-related mental problems.
Precautions: Centrophenoxine may be dangerous to those who suffer from severe hypertension (high blood pressure), convulsions or involuntary musculoskeletal movements, hyperexcitability, insomnia, tremors, motion sickness, paradoxical drowsiness, and depression. Toxicity is uncommon in therapeutic doses; side effects are also rare, but include depression, dizziness, headaches, hyperexcitability, insomnia (especially if taken later in the day), motion sickness, sleepiness, and tremors.
Dosage: Some say 1000 to 3000 mg/day, though others say that such doses are unnecessarily high, and that 80 mg/kg of body weight (the dosage most often used in clinical trials) is sufficient. It takes effect very fast. DlAZADAMANTOL
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions.
DMSO
AKA: Dimethyl sulfoxide, RIMSO-50. Legally, it is only prescribed for interstitial cystitis and bladder inflammation, and is not recommended for any other use, though many use it to treat arthritis and sports injuries. It appears to be an all-purpose solvent, and has been used as a degreaser, paint thinner, and anti-freeze.
Effects: It works, not by lubricating joints or by deadening pain, but by scavenging free radicals. It has been shown to increase circulation; protect against the effects of radiation and freezing; reduce keloids, scars, and the effects of burns; help protect against fungus, bacteria, and viruses; be a beneficial supplement to cancer therapy; stimulate immunity; stimulate wound healing; and useful in treating such eye problems as cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma, among others. It has been found to reduce the severity of paraplegia in cats subjected to crushing spinal cord injuries, and the San Francisco General Hospital Brain Trauma and Edema Center has used it to treat brain injuries. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may provide benefits to those with Down's syndrome, learning disabilities, and senile dementia, as well as those with other forms of brain damage and dysfunction. Because it has so many benefits, proponents tout it as the wonder drug of the 21st century.
Precautions: It may be dangerous for those with a bladder malignancy, kidney or liver problems, diabetes, or who is allergic to DMSO. Those with fair skin use no more than a 50 percent concentration, as they are more sensitive to DMSO. Concentrations of 40 percent or more may prolong bleeding, and concentrations greater than 50 percent are not applied to the face and neck, as they are more sensitive to DMSO than the rest of the body. It should be dabbed on, not rubbed in, and any excess wiped off after half an hour; toxicity may occur if it is inhaled, as it evaporates slowly. It may exacerbate the effects of some allergens. Injections should only be administered by a physician. It is difficult to perform double-blind studies on DMSO; it imparts to the breath and skin an immediate garlic odor. A common side effect is a harmless garlic taste that can persist for up to three days. Less common side effects are vision problems (these have occurred quite frequently in lab animals, but are undocumented in humans), and possibly nausea, headaches, and skin rash, along with redness, itching, burning, discomfort, or blistering on the areas where it has been applied. Rare side effects include nasal congestion, itching, hives, and facial swelling. One life-threatening symptom is breathing difficulties. No overdose symptoms are known, though W. Nathaniel Phillips reports that concentrations greater than 70 percent can cause the skin problems, along with headaches, nausea, diarrhea, a burning sensation when urinating, photophobia (light intolerance), and disturbances in color vision. When combined with any other bladder medication, the effects of both drugs maybe intensified. As it can carry other substances directly into the blood, DMSO should not be applied to the skin where skin medications, cosmetics, lotions, bath oils, or soaps have already been applied. Most of the industrial grade, or solvent grade, solutions contain acetone, which is readily carried into the blood by DMSO, and which can cause liver damage and death. According to Pearson and Shaw, much of the DMSO sold over the counter or by mail order contains unwanted impurities such as dimethylsulfone, dimethylsufide, nitrogen oxides, and benzene. In addition, after it has scavenged the hydroxyl radicals from the body, it converts to a sulfoxide free radical. While this new free radical is less damaging than the one removed and can be counteracted with the various vitamin, mineral, and amino acid antioxidants, impurities can be carried directly into the bloodstream.
Dosage: The typical oral dose is 1 to 2 teaspoons a day, mixed with tomato or grape juice to mask its foul taste. The effects appear to be cumulative, so that the dosage can be reduced over a period of time. The drug appears crystal clear and has a very distinct sulfur or garlic odor; a cloudy or discolored appearance indicates impurities. It is not used for more than 30 days at a time, with a 30-day interval between periods of use. It is dabbed on, never rubbed in, and it is always stored in its pure state, with the bottle securely capped to prevent the absorption of moisture which might deteriorate the solution. The amount needed is mixed at the time of application.
POET
A substitute phenylalanine.
Effects: Said to greatly increase the creativity in people who are already creative, it contributes nothing to people who are not so inclined.
ETIRACETAM
A nootropic drug similar to piracetam. FlPEXIDE AKA: Attentil, BP 662, Vigilor.
Effects: Can enhance dopamine to a certain degree. In one study, forty older people with advanced cognitive disorders improved their scores on a number of various tests after taking it. It may improve learning, but not recall; improved learning may be attributed to the higher levels of dopamine, which can improve motor coordination, strengthen the immune system, and promote a sense of well-being, thus providing a better atmosphere for learning to take place.
Precautions: No side effects, toxi-city, or contraindications known, though more research is needed.
Dosage: Studies to date have used 600 mg/day in three divided doses.
GEROVITAL
AKA: Gerovital H3, GH-3. Gerovital is a chemical mixture of procaine hydrochloride, potassium metabisulfate, disodium phosphate, and benzoic acid. In the body, procaine breaks down into the B vitamin paraminobenzoic acid (PABA) and diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), a chemical relative to DMAE that is, in turn, converted into choline by the cells. While the work of Dr. Ana Asian has made it a very famous and popular anti-aging drug, it is also very controversial — its promoters claim that it can cure over 200 diseases and ailments associated with premature aging.
Effects: May improve memory by promoting better utilization of oxygen in the brain. It is an antidepressant as a result of it's being an MAO inhibitor. The Gerovital product PABA helps in forming blood cells, metabolizing protein, and performing the various functions of the skin. It also aids the intestinal bacteria in producing the vitamins folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, and vitamin K. Symptoms of deficiency include constipation, depression, digestive disorders, fatigue, gray hair, headaches, infertility, and irritability. By itself, it is not very effective, but produces good results when taken with procaine hydrochloride. Composed of choline and acetylcholine, the Gerovital product DEAE is an antidepressant.
Precautions: Other researchers have been unable to duplicate discoverer Ana Asian's positive results; some claim it is because they used straight procaine rather than GH-3, but there is much evidence to suggest that they are virtually identical. Additionally, Dr. Asian's research has been attacked for not being well-designed and controlled, and critics assert that most of the improvements are merely the result of its anti-depressant properties. A review of the scientific literature seems to back these criticisms. Dr. Stuart Berger states that PABA is not a vitamin, but a sunblock, and that it can severely deplete the body's white blood cells, and create adverse fatty changes in the heart, liver, and kidneys if taken internally in significant amounts. According to Prevention magazine and Dr. Ronald Klatz, the "active ingredient" is evidently the anesthetic novacaine, which begins to break down as soon as it enters the blood. Side effects, though not common, are life-threatening: allergic reactions, a sudden drop in blood pressure, respiratory problems, and convulsions. Because it is a weak MAO inhibitor, it does not elicit the side effects normally associated with these types of substances. There are rare allergic reactions, but otherwise no adverse effects have been reported, mainly because PABA and DEAE are quickly excreted by the body. Use of GH-3 and related formulations is avoided by anyone on MAO inhibitors, sulfa drugs, sulphonamide drugs, or combinations like cotrimoxazole.
Dosage: One tablet/day for 25 days, followed by a 5 day period of abstinence.
GHB
AKA: Alcover, 4-hydroxybutyrate, gamma hydrate, gamma-hydroxy-butyrate, gammahydroxybutyrate sodium, Gamma OH, Liquid Ecstasy, Liquid X, sodium oxybate, sodium oxybutyrate, Somatomax PM. A natural component of every cell in the body, GHB is found in the greatest concentrations in the kidneys, heart, skeletal muscles, brown fat, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. It is a precursor to the neurotransmitter GAB A, and may be a neurotransmitter itself. Unlke GABA, it can cross the blood/ brain barrier. It rapidly metabolizes to carbon dioxide and water.
Food Sources: Meat.
Effects: It produces a mild high, with feelings of bliss, placidity, euphoria, and sensuality. It stimulates the release of growth hormone in the body and, unlike drugs with a similar effect, GHB also increases levels of prolactin. Other physiological effects include a slight elevation of blood sugar, a significant decrease in cholesterol, a mild slowing of the heart, a slight lowering of body temperature, and a stimulation of the release of acetylcholine in the brain (which may improve memory and cognition, though this is, as yet, unproven). Sleep induced by GHB tends to be slightly deeper and somewhat shorter than sleep attained without the use of drugs; unlike other remedies for insomnia, it often does not produce grogginess upon waking. It may be useful in treating alcoholism, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may reduce fat and help build lean muscle tissue, possibly because of its effect on growth hormone. Some speculate it may have aphrodisiac and life-extension properties.
Precautions: It should not be used by anyone suffering from epilepsy, convulsions, slowed heartbeat arising from conduction problems, Cushing's syndrome, severe cardiovascular disease, severe hypertension, hyperprolactinemia, or any kind of severe illness. Before it was banned by the FDA in 1990, it had been studied for 25 years, with the result that it has shown extremely low toxicity. Of 10 known cases of individuals who have suffered side effects, the dosages taken were not known; four of those cases involved combining it with alcohol, two involved individuals with a history of epilepsy or grand mal seizures, and two involved combining it with tranquilizers or such central nervous system depressants as Vicodin and diphenhydramine hydrochloride. Bodybuilders who had taken GHB switched to GABA after the ban. It remains a popular "rave" drug, with many deaths attributed to it, though how many of these are due to impurities, misidentification, and combining with other drugs is unknown. Common side effects include abrupt sedation, loss of coordination, sleepwalking, unarousability, and decreased inhibition in those taking 2 to 6 teaspoons (approximately 5 to 15 grams) twice nightly over a period of several years. Mild side effects include a numbness of the legs, headache, lethargy, dizziness, a tightness in the chest, extreme ebullience, intense drowsiness, breathing difficulties, and uncontrollable muscle twitches. Severe side effects include confusion, nausea, diarrhea, incontinence, temporary amnesia, sleepwalking, uncontrollable shaking, vomiting, seizures, and brief (one to two hours) non-toxic coma. Complete recovery from even the most severe side effects, however, appears to occur within a few hours and with no apparent long-term side effects. In a 1992 report, epidemiologist Ming-Yan Chin and Richard A. Kreutzer, M.D., both working for the California Department of Health Services, concluded, "there are no documented reports of long-term [adverse] effects. Nor is there any evidence for physiological addiction." Others report that there has been one documented case of addiction, though there is no evidence of withdrawal symptoms. Because it may deplete levels of potassium in the body, GHB is often administered with a potassium supplement in which the elemental form is equal to 10 percent of the weight of the GHB consumed. It is not combined with central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium, Xanax), phenothiazines (e.g., Thorazine, Stellazine), various painkillers (e.g., opiates, barbiturates), alcohol, or over-the-counter allergy and sleep remedies. Food can dissipate or delay its effects, and caffeine can block its dopamine-related effects.
Dosage: In various studies doses of 6 to 8 g/day for eight to ten days, 20 to 30 g/day for a week, and 2.5 g/day for several years produced no adverse side effects. The initial dosage is small —an eighth to a fourth of a gram — and dissolved in water, increasing gradually to the desired dose (one level teaspoon equals approximately 2.5 grams). The dosage is adjusted according to body weight, though Ward Dean, M.D., etal, published the following general doserelated expectations: less than 1 gram gives rise to mild relaxation, reduced anxiety, and increased sociability; 1 to 2 grams, strong relaxation; 2 to 4 grams, sleep of three to four hours; 4 to 8 grams — very deep sleep of three to four hours; 10 to 30+ grams, a prolonged, very deep sleep of up to 24 hours. It is taken on an empty stomach (preferably three to four hours after the last meal) to avoid nausea, vomiting, and a delayed onset of effects. About three-quarters to one and a half grams produces a high, while 2.5 grams induces sleep. Illicit GHB invariably contains dangerous — even toxic — impurities. Pure GHB powder has a salty/ licorice taste, turns from a chalky texture to a greasy one when rubbed between the fingers, will fully dissolve in water, and will easily absorb water and turn liquid overnight.
GRISEOLI£ACID
Derivatives are known metabolic brain-enhancers.
HYDERGINE
AKA: Circanol, Deapril-ST, dihydroergotoxine, ergoloid mesylates, ergot alkaloids dihydrogenated, Hydroloid, Niloric. Hydergine is one of a class of drugs called ergoloid mesylates, which are a combination of three substances produced by the ergot fungus. It was discovered by Albert Hofmann, the chemist who discovered a more famous ergot derivative, LSD-25. The exact method by which it works is unknown, as ergot — a deadly poisonous dark purple or black fungus which thrives on wet grains such as rye — generally causes hallucinations, convulsions, gangrene, and death. Similar in chemistry to LSD, but non-hallucinogenic, it is — paradoxically — one of the easiest smart drugs to obtain. It is also one of the most widely researched and prescribed. It is generally prescribed to slow age-related memory loss and impaired concentration. In Europe, it is used routinely on accident victims — those suffering from shock, hemorrhage, strokes, heart attacks, drowning, electrocution, and drug overdose can sometimes be revived by intravenous injection— and on hospital patients just before standard surgeries (it gives doctors more time to handle any medical emergencies should they arise in the course of the operation).
Effects: Has been claimed to be an "all-purpose brain booster," as it improves blood flow to the brain, improves the oxygen supply to the brain, increases brain cell metabolism, protects the brain from hypoxia, decreases the development of age pigment (lipofuscin) in the brain, protects brain cells from free-radical damage, keeps a proper balance of several major neurotransmitters in the brain, normalizes systolic blood pressure, and decreases cholesterol levels. It is believed to improve memory, learning, intelligence, and recall. It may also increase the levels of some transmitters in the brain and may promote the growth of some dendrite nerve fibers. Some obscure French studies done in Africa may indicate it is an effective treatment for sicklecell anemia. Works synergistically with piracetam.
Precautions: It is not taken by individuals who are allergic to ergot or any of its derivatives, who suffer from any kind of psychosis, whose heartbeat is less than 60 beats per minute, or whose systolic blood pressure is below 100. It may be dangerous to individuals with low blood pressure, liver disease, or psychosis. It could result in a reduced ability of the body to adjust to cold temperatures. Common symptoms include runny nose, skin flushing, and headache. Less common symptoms are a slow heartbeat, tingling fingers, and blurred vision. Rare symptoms include fainting, rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, dizziness when arising, drowsiness, soreness under the tongue, and loss of appetite. Overdosing can cause agitation, headaches, flushing in the face, nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, a drop in blood pressure, blurred vision, weakness, collapse, coma, and amnesia. Many doctors are not convinced of its efficacy. It is rather expensive. When combined with other ergot preparations or sympathomimetics, it may result in decreased circulation to the limbs, which could be serious. It could greatly intensify the effect of caffeine, cause an excessive drop in blood pressure when combined with alcohol, lead to overstimulation when combined with cocaine, and decrease the ergoloid effect when combined with marijuana or tobacco.
Dosage: The recommended dosage in the U.S. is 3 mg/day; in Europe, it is 9 mg/day in three divided doses, but 4.5 to 6 mg/day appears to produce good results. Sublingual tablets are ineffective if swallowed intact. It may take at least half a year before the effects are noticeable, but one study has shown that healthy young people taking 12 mg/day saw greater alertness and mental abilities after only two weeks. It works synergistically with piracetam; when the two are combined, smaller doses of each are just as effective as a larger dose of one.
ISOPRINOSINE
AKA: Methisprinol. Two of the ingredients in isoprinosine are inosine, which is used by the body to make RNA, and dimethy-laminoethanol (DMAE), which assists the inosine in penetrating the blood-brain barrier. It is chemically similar to DMAE.
Effects: Assists the brain in certain key functions relating to memory formation and promotes RNA synthesis in brain cells. It promotes RNA synthesis in brain cells; is an immune stimulator which may have antiviral properties; and has been shown to increase the effectiveness of Interferon, render some herpes viruses inactive, and reduce the severity of some AIDS symptoms.
Precautions: It should not be used by those with gout or who are predisposed to developing it.
K.H.3
A procaine formula similar to Gerovital and Vitacel, it comes in gelatin capsule form, where it is coupled with hematoporphyrin, which increases the effectiveness of procaine.
Effects: Allegedly improves alertness, concentration, and recall, along with a host of physical disorders.
Precautions: It is not taken by those allergic to procaine or who are taking sulfa drugs or MAO inhibitors. The precautions that apply to Gerovital also apply to K.H.3.
Dosage: 1 or 2 capsules a day with meals for five months, followed by a period of two to four weeks of no K.H.3. MlLACEMIDE AKA: 2-n-pentylaminoacetamide.
Effects: A few studies have shown it to improve certain aspects of memory in normal people, while having no effect on memory on those afflicted with Alzheimer's or schizophrenia. Much more research needs to be done.
Precautions: Possible side effects include elevated liver enzymes, nausea, diarrhea, and disorientation. It is not combined with any MAO-B inhibitor drug, such as deprenyl, as it may have a negative effect on memory and brain function.
Dosage: The optimal dosage seems to be 400 to 1200 mg/day. Since it apparently has an inverted Ushaped dose-response curve, smaller doses (unless used in combination with other smart drugs) and larger doses may have insignificant, or even negative, results.
NAFTIDROFURYL
A metabolic brain-enhancer.
NDD-094
Effects: A compound said to stop, and even reverse, memory loss, apparently by regrowing nerve cells that create acetylcholine. patients taking NDD-094 have registered improved brain activity levels on PET scans.
Precautions: There may be side effects, including nausea. Much more research needs to be done.
NEFIRACETAM
Effects: Like piracetam, it is derived from pyrrolidone, which is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
NOOTROPYL
AKA: 2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide. An analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter.
Effects: It apparently stimulates the flow of information between the two hemispheres of the brain in rats and mice.
OXJRACETAM
AKA: CT-848, hydroxypiracetam, ISF-2522, Neuractiv, Neuromet. An analogue of piracetam that is about two to three times more potent.
Precautions: It appears to be nontoxic, with no ill effects in doses as high as 2400 mg/day. Little research has been done on healthy individuals, however.
Dosage: Doses of 1200 to 2400 mg/day seem to produce the greatest improvement in cognitive function, though some recommend 800 to 2400 mg/day.
OXPRENOLOL
A beta-adrenergic blocking agent prescribed to reduce angina attacks, stabilize an irregular heartbeat, lower blood pressure, and reduce the occurrence of vascular headaches.
Effects: It has been shown to reduce phobias and eliminate anxiety.
Precautions: It is not taken by anyone with an allergy to any beta-adrenergic blocker; by those with hypotension, as it lowers blood pressure, aggravates any condition of congestive heart failure, produces tingling in the extremities, and light-headedness; by those with asthma, pollen allergies, upper respiratory disease, or arterial spasms; or by those who have taken MAO inhibitors or other psychiatric or psychotropic drugs within the preceding two weeks. It is used by those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma, bronchitis, hay fever, or emphysema), diabetes or hypoglycemia, kidney or liver problems, heart disease or poor circulation in the limbs, an overactive thyroid function, or surgery within the previous two months (including dental surgery) that requires general or spinal anesthesia. For those over age 60, the side effects maybe more severe and frequent. Prolonged use can weaken the heart muscles, and it may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia or alter the results of some medical tests. Common side effects include a pulse rate slower than 50 beats per minute, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes, weakness, cold hands or feet, and dryness of the eyes, mouth, and skin. Less common side effects include hallucinations, nightmares, insomnia, headaches, breathing difficulties, joint pain, anxiety, chest pain, confusion, lack of alertness, depression, impotence, abdominal pain, and constipation. Rare symptoms include rash, sore throat, fever, unexplained bleeding or bruising, and dry burning eyes. There is an enhanced beta blocker effect when combined with betaxolol eyedrops or Levobunolol eyedrops, and a diminished beta blocker effect when combined with Dextrothyroxine or Indomethacin. It can intensify the effects of antidiabetics, antihypertensives, barbiturates, insulin, and narcotics, and can lessen the effects of antihistamines and beta-agonists. It can decrease the effectiveness of Digitalis if taken for congestive heart failure, but increase its effectiveness if taken for any other medical reason. There is an increased drop in blood pressure when taken with alcohol, calcium channel blockers, Clonidine, Diazoxide, or Guanabenz. When combined with angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), it could increase the antihypertensive effect of one or both drugs; with Encainide, it could damage the heart muscle; with Molindone, there could be an increased tranquilizer effect; with MAO inhibitors, there could be a rise in blood pressure if the latter is discontinued; with cocaine, there could be an irregular heartbeat and a decreased betaadrenergic effect; with daily marijuana use, there could be circulation problems in the hands and feet; and with tobacco, there could be an irregular heartbeat. It may also interact with certain ingredients in over-the-counter cold, cough, and allergy remedies.
PENTYLENETETRAZOL
AKA: Metrazol.
Effects: Stimulates theta rhythms in the brain, which are associated with periods of creative thinking, and may increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions.
PHENYTOIN
AKA: Dilantin (extended action), Diphenylan (prompt acting), Diphenylhydantoin (DPH), Ditan (prompt acting), Ethotoin, Mephenytoin, Mesantoin, Peganone, Phenytex, PHT. The most commonly prescribed drug for epilepsy, it has been the subject of at least 8000 papers. The exact mechanism by which it works is still not understood, but it is believed to influence the electromagnetic fields, polarizing the electrically charged elements of the cells.
Effects: Though it is mainly used as a treatment for epilepsy, it has a number of other various effects: it can normalize electrical activity in the cell membranes; it can stabilize behavior by suppressing obsessive thoughts, fear, anger, violent behavior, and passivity; it can supposedly improve intelligence, concentration, learning, long-term memory, comprehension, and speed of visual-motor coordination; it has some anti-aging effects, including restoring the homeostasis of the neuroendocrine system; in small doses, it increases the "good" form of cholesterol, called high density lipo-protein (HDL).
Precautions: It is not taken by anyone who is allergic to hydantoin anticonvulsants, has liver damage or impaired liver functioning, has had surgery within the last two months that has required general or spinal anesthesia, has diabetes, or a blood disorder. Those over 60 should realize that adverse reactions and side effects will occur more often and much more strongly than they do in younger individuals. Common side effects include constipation; mild dizziness; drowsiness; gums that are bleeding, swollen, or tender; nausea; increased susceptibility to sunburn; and vomiting. Less common side effects include agitation, breast swelling, confusion, diarrhea, an increase in facial and body hair, hallucinations, headaches, insomnia, muscle twitches, rash, slurred speech, staggering, vision changes. Rare symptoms include abdominal pain, an increased chance of bleeding or bruising, fever, jaundice, and sore throat. Other symptoms cited by some sources include anemia, balding, chest pains, depression, mental confusion and learning disability, conjunctivitis, nervousness, numbness of the hands and feet, nystagmus, retention of water, sensitivity to bright lights, swollen glands, tiredness, irritability, and weight gain, though these also disappear as time goes on and dosage is reduced. A severe allergic reaction could be life-threatening, and could include such symptoms as fever, rash, swollen glands, and kidney failure. Use of phenytoin may even cause liver damage, including hepatitis. If stomach upset occurs, it should be taken with meals. Long-term effects may be weakened bones, gum overgrowth (though this occurs mainly in children and is rare in instances where the lower, cognitive-enhancing doses are taken; still, good oral hygiene is recommended), constant eye movements, liver damage, lymph gland enlargement, and numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. An overdose can cause problems in maintaining balance, a drop in blood pressure, slow, shallow breathing, coma, drowsiness, spastic eye movements, decreased intelligence, slow reaction time, slurred speech, and staggering. There have been reports of insomnia, tremors and in some cases, liver toxicity in the first month or so of use. It is not habit-forming, but abrupt cessation could trigger severe epileptic seizures. Phenytoin may deplete the body's stores of B-12, lead to a heightened need for thyroid hormone, interfere with the absorption of vitamin D and folic acid (supplements of calcium should be taken along with vitamin D and folic acid, though calcium will decrease the amount of Phenytoin the body absorbs from the small intestine). The effects of Phenytoin can be increased when taken with alcohol (small amounts), Allopurinol, salicylate drugs such as aspirin, benzodiazopine tranquilizers and sedatives, Chlorphi-ramine, Cimetidine, Ibuprofen, Metro-nidazole, Miconazole, Molindone, Nizatidine, Omeprazole, Phenacemide, succinimide antiseizure medicines, tri-cyclic antidepressants, Trimethoprim, or Valproic Acid. The anticonvulsant effect can be enhanced when taken in combination with Amiodarone, Carba-mazepine, Chloramphenicol, Disul-firam, Fluconazole, Isoniazid, Methylphenidate, Nicardipine, Nimodipine, Oxyphenbutazone, Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), Phenothiazines, Phenylbutazone, Sulfa drugs, or Warfarin. The anticonvulsant effect is diminished when Phenytoin is taken with alcohol (habitual use), antacids, anticancer drugs, barbiturates, Carbamazepine, charcoal tablets, Diazoxide, Glutethimide, influenza virus vaccine, Loxapine, marijuana (with attendant drowsiness and unsteadiness), Nitrofurantoin, Paroxitine, Pyridoxine, Rifampin, Sucralfate, or Theophylline. When taken in combination with anticoagulants or Propafenone, the effects of both drugs are intensified, and when taken with Xanthines, the effects of both drugs are weakened. Phenytoin can amplify the effects of Estrogen, Griseofulvin, Methotrexate, Propranolol, Quinidine, sedatives, and Warfarin, and curtail the effects of Amiodarone, Carbamazepine, corticosteroids, cortisone drugs, Cyclosporine, Dicumarol, Digitalis preparations, Disopyramide, Doxycycline, Furosemide, Haloperidol, Hypoglycemics, Itraconazole, Methadone, Metyrapone, Mexiletine, oral contraceptives, potassium supplements, Probenecid, Quinidine, Sotalol, Theophylline drugs, and Valproic Acid. Phenytoin can interact unpredictably with Clonazepam, Dopamine, levodopa, Levonorgestrel, Mebendazole, Phenothiazine antipsychotic medicines, or oral antidiabetic medications. The severity of side effects and adverse reactions increases when taken with Felbamate, there is an increased risk of toxicity when taken with Cimetidine, and an increased risk of liver toxicity when taken with Acetaminophen. The anticonvulsant dose may need to be adjusted when taken with tricyclic antidepressants; there may be a changed seizure pattern when taken with barbiturates; there is a greater chance of bone disease when taken with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; there could be oversedation when taken with central nervous system depressants; the incidence of seizures increases when taken with cocaine or oral contraceptives; corticosteroid drugs could hide any Phenytoinsensitivity reactions; there could be an increase in drug levels in the blood when taken in combination with gold compounds; and Leucovorin could counteract the effects of phenytoin. When taken with Lithium, it can increase the toxicity of the latter drug; when taken with MAO inhibitors, it could result in an increased polythiazide effect; when taken with Meperidine, it can decrease the painrelieving effects of the latter while increasing its side effects; when taken with nitrates, it could result in an excessive drop in blood pressure; when taken with Omeprazole, there could be a delay in the excretion of phenytoin with a resultant excess remaining in the blood; when taken with Phenacemide, it could result in an increased risk of paranoia; and when taken with Valproic acid, it could result in seizures.
Dosage: Adult epileptics are generally given doses of 200 to 400 mg/day in two to four divided doses. About an eighth of that, or 25 to 50 mg/day are given for cognitive-enhancing effects, though some recommend as much as 100 mg/day in two to four divided doses. PlCROTOXINE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.
Precautions: Causes convulsions. PlRACETAM AKA: Cerebroforte, Dinagen, Gabacet, Nootropil, Normabrain. Its chemical structure is very close to the amino acid pyroglutamate, a substance found in meat, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products.
Effects: Protects the brain against — and helps it recover from — hypoxia; protects against metabolic stress related to low oxygen flow to the brain resulting from intense athletic performance, high altitude conditions, and smoking; steps up the rate of metabolism and level of energy in the brain cells by increasing the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and improving the blood flow within the brain; improves memory, alertness, and some kinds of learning in normal humans (probably by helping the brain synthesize new proteins); prevents memory loss caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning; and facilitates the flow of information between the two hemispheres of the brain, an important component of creativity, insight, and peak performance. May contribute to the growth of more cholinergic receptors in the brain. It has been used in the treatment of dyslexia, stroke, alcoholism, vertigo, senile dementia, and sickle-cell anemia, among other conditions. Works synergistically with centrophenoxine, choline, Deaner, DMAE, gingko biloba, Hydergine, or lecithin; for improving memory, the combination of Piracetam and choline is particularly effective.
Precautions: Though piracetam is derived from pyrrolidone, a substance that is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, the exact mechanism by which it works is still not fully understood. There is some evidence that it increases the number of receptors in the brain, but it also seems to increase blood flow to the brain. Still other theories suggest that it improves protein synthesis in the brain, improves the function of nerve fibers in the corpus callosum (thereby assisting the flow of information between the two halves of the brain), or that it reduces free radicals. It is avoided by those with severe kidney failure and those taking anticoagulant drugs. In rare cases, it may cause gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, headaches, insomnia, nausea, and psychomotor agitation. It may result in acetylcholine's being used up more rapidly in the body, so a choline supplement may be needed. It may also increase the effects of such drugs as amphetamines, psychotropics, and Hydergine. It is not believed to be toxic or addictive, and has no contraindications.
Dosage: 800 to 1600 mg/day after an initial daily dose of 1200 to 2400 mg/ day taken in the morning for the first two days. Others recommend 2400 to 4800 mg/day in three divided doses, while still others a more modest dose of 500 to 600 mg/day for a healthy person and 1000 to 2000 mg/day for an elderly person with mild to moderate memory impairment.
PRAMIRACETAM
AKA: CI-879, Neupramir. A variant of piracetam, it stimulates the functioning of the cholinergic system, but at much lower doses (it is approximately 15 times stronger than piracetam). It is not as fully tested and researched as piracetam.
Precautions: Toxicity is rare, and known side effects are few.
Dosage: 75 to 1500 mg/day.
PRL-8-53
Effects: An experimental drug that has been shown to increase recall in subjects by as much as 150 percent.
PROPANIRACETAM
A nootropic drug similar to piracetam.
PROPRANOLOL
AKA: Inderal, Inderal LA (long acting), propranolol hydrochloride. A beta-andrenergic blocking agent medication prescribed for high blood pressure patients and used in the treatment of angina, hypertension, specific tremors, and certain cardiac arrhythmias.
Effects: Reduces fear and stress by blocking the muscle's receptor sites for adrenaline; it also reduces the oxygen requirements of the heart and reduces the contractions of the blood vessels in the heart, scalp, and other areas. Taking it a half hour before an anxiety- or fear-inducing event may help an individual overcome his or her aversion to that situation.
Precautions: Most studies have been short term (six weeks or so), and more recent evidence does not support the claim that it works consistently over the long run. There is also evidence that it controls the physical symptoms of anxiety, but not the psychological ones. It is not taken by anyone with an allergy to any beta-adrenergic blocker; by those with hypotension, as it lowers blood pressure, aggravates any condition of congestive heart failure, produces tingling in the extremities, and light-headedness; by those with asthma, pollen allergies, upper respiratory disease, or arterial spasms; or by those who have taken MAO inhibitors or other psychiatric or psychotropic drugs within the preceding two weeks. It is prescribed for those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma, bronchitis or emphysema), diabetes or hypoglycemia, kidney or liver problems, heart disease or poor circulation in the limbs, an overactive thyroid function, or surgery within the last two months (including dental surgery) that requires general or spinal anesthesia. Common side effects include a slow pulse rate (fewer than 50 beats per minute), a coldness in the hands and feet, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, a dryness of the mouth, eyes, and skin, fatigue, and numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes. Less frequent symptoms include abdominal pain, a loss of alertness, anxiety, difficult breathing, chest pain, confusion, constipation, depression, hallucinations, headache, impotence, insomnia, joint pain, and nightmares. Rare side effects include excessive bleeding and bruising, eyes that are dry and burning, fever, rash, sore throat, vomiting, and emotional instability. Other possible side effects include short-term memory loss, visual disturbances, weakness, and paranoia. Overdose symptoms include a drop in blood pressure, bronchial muscle spasms leading to breathing difficulties, convulsions, fainting, heart failure, a slow or weak pulse, cold and sweaty skin, and weakness. Toxic psychosis will occur when the dosage is high (i.e., thousands of milligrams a day). Use is discontinued by decreasing the dosage gradually over a period of two weeks, as abrupt cessation could damage the heart. For those over age 60, the side effects may be more severe and frequent. Prolonged use can weaken the heart muscles. It may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia or alter the results of some medical tests. There is an enhanced beta blocker effect when combined with betaxolol eyedrops or Levobunolol eyedrops, and a diminished beta blocker effect when combined with Dextrothyroxine or Indomethacin. It can intensify the effects of antidiabetics, antihypertensives, barbiturates, insulin, and narcotics, and can lessen the effects of antihistamines and beta-agonists. It can decrease the effectiveness of Digitalis if taken for congestive heart failure, but increase its effectiveness if taken for any other medical reason. There is an increased drop in blood pressure when taken with alcohol, calcium channel blockers, Clonidine, Diazoxide, or Guanabenz. When combined with angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), Propranolol could increase the antihypertensive effect of one or both drugs; with Encainide, it could damage the heart muscle; with Molindone, it could increase tranquilizer effect; with MAO inhibitors, it could raise blood pressure if the latter is discontinued; with cocaine, it could lead to an irregular heartbeat and a decreased beta-adrenergic effect; with daily marijuana use, it may promote circulation problems in the hands and feet; and with tobacco, it could lead to an irregular heartbeat. It may also interact with certain ingredients in overthe- counter cold, cough, and allergy remedies.
Dosage: Some recommend 10 to 30 mg a half hour before the trauma-inducing event, though the usual prescribed dosage is 5 to 10 mg. Propranolol will have a greater effect if taken with meals. RlBAMOL AKA: 2-hydroxytriethylammo-nium ribonucleate.
Effects: May enhance memory and learning. RlVASTIGMINE The first in a new class of drugs known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Effects: A study has shown that it may improve the brain functioning of those with mild to moderate forms of Alzheimer's disease, enabling them to perform normal activities again.
RN-13
AKA: Regeneresen. Developed by Hans J. Kugler, it is a mixture of RNA from twelve organs (placenta, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus, adrenal cortices, pituitary, thalamus, spleen, vascular walls, cerebral cortex, liver, and kidneys), along with yeast-derived nucleic acid.
Effects: Said to double the life span of dwarf mice, have a rejuvenating influence on the human body, and improve learning, memory, and general brain function.
ROLZIRACETAM
Effects: Like piracetam, it is derived from pyrrolidone, which is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
SABELUZOLE
Effects: Preliminary evidence indicates that it may prevent Alzheimer's from progressing, and may improve memory and learning in normal individuals.
STRYCHNINE SULFATE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility. Precautions: Causes convulsions.
SULBUTIAMINE
AKA: Arcalion. A compound similar to Hydergine, but stronger.
Effects: Promotes alertness, strengthens long-term memory, improves reaction time, fights fatigue, lowers anxiety, and improves resistance to stress.
Precautions: More than three 200 mg tablets a day may result in severe headaches.
Dosage: 400 mg/day with breakfast for 20 days.
SYGEN
AKA: GM1 ganglioside.
Effects: In use in Italy as a treatment for Alzheimer's and memory disorders.
TACRINE
AKA: Cognex, tacrine hydrochloride, Tetrahydroaminoacridine, THA.
Effects: Has a good track record for improving memory in Alzheimer's patients, especially when taken with deprenyl and lecithin, though it does not help other damage caused by this disease. It is most effective for those whose memory problems are the result of too little acetylcholine, as it is the only drug proven to raise levels of acetylcholine in the brain.
Precautions: It is not taken by those allergic or sensitive to Tacrine or acridine derivatives. A doctor should be consulted first if any one of the following conditions are present: heart rhythm problems, ulcers, liver disease, bladder disease, seizure disorders, asthma, or a previous reaction to tacrine that has caused jaundice or elevated bilirubin. Women are likely to retain more of this drug in their blood and suffer side effects. It could be hepatotoxic (toxic to the liver) and should only be taken under a physician's guidance. It is used as a "smart drug" only by those with Alzheimer's, and even then it loses its effectiveness after only a few months. Common side effects include headaches, sore throat, dizziness, fainting, chills, sweating, fever, stomach gas, skin rash, lack of coordination, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, swelling in the legs and feet, a tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty urinating, joint pain and inflammation, spasticity, hyperactivity, nervousness, sinus inflammation, bronchitis, pneumonia, difficulty breathing, convulsions, liver inflammation, conjunctivitis, blood pressure changes, and broken bones. Less common side effects include loss of appetite, changes in taste, drowsiness, eyes that are dry or itching, eye pain, sties, double vision or other vision problems, glaucoma, cataracts, earache, ringing or buzzing in the ears, deafness, infections of the middle or inner ear, a flushing in the face, facial swelling, a sickly appearance, indigestion, insomnia, muscle aches, runny nose, rash, stomach pain, heavy sweating, dehydration, greater chance of tiredness or weakness, and weight gain, heart failure, heart attack, angina pains, stroke, vein irritation, cardiac insufficiency, heart palpitations, abnormal heart rhythms, migraines, slow heart rate, blood clots in the lung, elevated blood cholesterol, inflamed tongue swollen gums, dry mouth and throat, mouth sores, upset stomach, excess saliva, difficulty swallowing, esophagus and stomach irritation, bleeding or ulcers in the stomach or intestines, hemorrhoids, hiatal hernia, bloody stools, diverticulitis, loss of bowel control, impacted colon, gallbladder irritation or stones, increased appetite, diabetes, anemia, osteoporosis, tendinitis, bursitis, abnormal dreams, speaking difficulties, loss of memory, twitching, delirium, paralysis, slow muscle movements, nerve inflammation or disease, Parkinson's-type movements, apathy, heightened sex drive, neurosis, paranoia, nosebleeds, chest congestion, asthma, rapid breathing, respiratory infection, acne, hair loss, skin rash, eczema, dry skin, herpes zoster (shingles), psoriasis, skin inflammation, cysts, furuncles, cold sores, herpes infections, blood and puss in the urine, kidney stones and infections, sugar in the urine, frequent urination, urinating at night, cystitis, vaginal bleeding, genital itching, breast pain, impotence, and prostate cancer. Rare side effects include heat exhaustion, blood infection, very abnormal heart rhythms, bowel obstruction, duodenal ulcer, convulsions, lack of coordination, thyroid changes, a reduction in white blood cell and platelet counts, muscle disease, some loss of the senses (particularly touch), severe uncontrolled movements of the face, loss of muscle tone, changes in liver function (resulting in yellow skin or eyes, changes in stool color), inflammation of the brain and possibly the central nervous system, Bell's palsy, suicidal thoughts, hysteria, psychosis, vomiting blood, fluid in the lungs, lung cancer, sudden choking, skin peeling, oily skin, skin ulcers, skin cancer, melanoma, bladder or kidney tumors, kidney failure, urinary obstruction, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, inflammation of the male reproductive tract, blindness, drooping or inflamed eyelids, and disturbances or inflammation of the inner ear. Overdose symptoms include a decrease in blood pressure, collapse, convulsions, decreased heartbeat, muscle weakness (leading to respiratory failure and death), severe nausea and vomiting, increased salivation, and heavy sweating. Cimetidine can increase the amount of Tacrine in the blood, and tobacco can increase the rate at which it is broken down in the liver. Theophylline could intensify the effect of this drug, and anticholinergics could diminish the effect of this drug. It could also strengthen the effects of muscle relaxants during surgery. Tacrine is taken at least one hour before or two hours after eating.
Dosage: Subjects with Alzheimer's showed the best improvement when given doses of 120 to 160 mg/ day, but improvements in memory and the ability to think and reason lasted for only 24 weeks, after which the decline in mental abilities resumed.
2-MEA
AKA: Cysteamine, 2-mercapto-ethylamine.
Effects: An antioxidant. It bolsters the immune system and may increase life span. It is used as a treatment for radiation sickness in the former Soviet Union, and can remove heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and mercury from the body.
Precautions: May actually shorten the life span if a very high dosage is combined with a very high dosage of vitamin E.
Dosage: John Mann recommends 200 mg/day for life extension. VlNCAMINE AKA: Oxicebral. Made from an extract of the periwinkle plant.
Effects: A vasodilator (improves blood flow to the brain and enhances the brain's utilization of oxygen). Users claim it improves memory and cognition, but sufficient scientific research is lacking for normal, healthy people.
Precautions: It may cause a reduction in white corpuscles and a degeneration of muscle tissue. In rare cases, it causes gastrointestinal problems.
Dosage: 60 mg/day in two divided doses. VlNPOCETINE AKA: Cavinton. A close relative of vincamine believed to elicit more benefits and fewer side effects.
Effects: Reportedly a strong enhancer of memory and concentration. It improves the brain's metabolism by increasing the blood flow, speeding up the rate at which ATP is produced by the brain cells, and improving the use of glucose and oxygen in the brain. It is particularly effective for disorders caused by poor or impaired circulation, such as stroke, headaches, recurring dizziness, macular degeneration, and certain ear problems.
Precautions: No toxicity or contraindications. Side effects, which include dry mouth, hypotension, tachycardia, and weakness, are rare.
Dosage: 5 to 10 mg/day. It takes a year for the drug to reach its peak efficiency. VlTACEL 3 The tablet form of GH-3, it has the active PEN ingredient as Gerovital. Vitaeel 4 has the addition of bee propolis for its antibacterial and antiviral qualities, and royal jelly for its high levels of vitamins B-5, B-6, and C. Vitacel 7 has replaced the bisulfite and benzoic acid with vitamin-complexing agents to prevent allergy problems; according to creator Dr. Robert Koch, this last formulation helps the procaine hydrochloride stay active in the body for several hours. Precautions: See the entries under Gerovital and Royal jelly.
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